102 Early Work in North America 



($70), a Beck of Mo inch, and finally with the discovery of the 

 apochromatic by Abbe, a 2 mm. Zeiss oil immersion ($130) v/as 

 imported. The glass in these objectives was not stable, and the 

 one he used was returned to Jena a number of times where it was 

 reconditioned free of charge."*" One microscope, constructed by 

 W. H. Bullock of Chicago (1879), was planned by Burrill, and 

 other equipment for microphotography was obtained. 



Before considering his study of parasitic bacteria which cause 

 diseases in plants, we must examine a little further his work on 

 parasitic fungi. In 1882, at the third meeting of the Society for 

 the Promotion of Agricultural Science,*^ he described three fungus- 

 caused maladies: apple scab {Fuskladium dendntkimi) ; orange 

 rust of blackberry {Coeo^na lummata, Schw.); and blackberry 

 and raspberry cane rust. Spalding believed that he had gathered 



a good deal of valuable information concerning certain common and 

 destructive though as yet insufficiently known parasitic diseases. One of 

 these is the orange rust of raspberry and blackberry leaves, common 

 enough about Ann Arbor, and of wide occurrence elsewhere. Another 

 is the cane rust of the same plants, less conspicuous but in some localities 

 still more destructive. For both of these the remedies already indicated 

 by experience are recommended, viz., cutting out the canes as soon as the 

 berries are picked, keeping the fields clean, and choosing for cultivation 

 such varieties as have proven less liable to attack.** 



Burrill's "Notes on Parasitic Fungi" and a paper given at the 

 same meeting on the day previous by Charles A. Goessmann ot 

 Massachusetts Agricultural College on " Observations regarding 

 the Yellows of the Peach "*^ appear to have been the first dis- 

 cussions on plant pathology read before this Society; and among 

 the first before any national scientific organization in America. 

 The next year, at the Philadelphia meeting of the American 

 Pomological Society, Halsted presented a paper on " The white 

 mildews " or Erysipheae. In this, for the first time in America or 

 elsewhere, the word "fungicide," an adaptation from "insecti- 

 cide," was formally used before a gathering of scientists.'"^ 



*^ C. F. Hottes, op. cit., 7. 



*' Proc. 3rd Ann. Meet. Soc. Prom. Agrk. Sci. at Montreal, 103-110. 

 ** Op. cit. This address, when revised, appears to have been entitled, " Recent 

 Progress in the Study and Treatment of Diseases of Plants." 

 " Proc. 3rd Ann. Meet. Soc. Prom. Agric. Sci., 63-66, 1882. 

 *' Letter, April 5, 1893, Halsted to Galloway. See also Halsted's paper, A 



