62 Background of Work and Study in Public Health 



differentiate the staphylococcus from the streptococcus and prove 

 the differentiation by isolations in pure culture/-* 



The importance of the year 1884 was shown also by Watson 

 Cheyne's find of Bacillus alvei in foul brood of bees/"^ The dis- 

 tinguished veterinarians, Saturnin Arloing, also a physician, and 

 Auguste Chauveau, an anatomist and pathologist, one of France's 

 great physiologists, and said^-° to have been "abreast of Pasteur 

 in his conception of pathogenic viruses (1868) and their attenua- 

 tion (1883-1884)," published in 1884 their important study of 

 septicemias, " Etude experimentale sur la speticemie gangre- 

 neuse." ^-' A few years earlier, Arloing, with Charles Ernest 

 Cornevin and Philippe Etienne Thomas, a pathologist and a 

 veterinarian of France, had studied symptomatic anthrax of cattle; 

 and a German pathologist. Otto von Bollinger, had produced 

 Actinomycosis, or lumpy jaw of cattle, by means of the vegetable 

 parasite. Actinomyces bovis, or the ray fungus/"* The half-decade 

 immediately preceding the year 1884 had been of vast importance 

 to both animal and medical pathology, and not alone because of 

 the epoch-making discoveries of Pasteur and Koch. As illustra- 

 tions of this, it may be noticed that, while Friedrich LofBer did not 

 really publish on swine-erysipelas until 1885,^'^ he had discovered 

 the bacteria of this disease about the same time he and Schiitz dis- 

 covered the bacillus of glanders. Albert Neisser of Breslau dis- 

 covered in 1879 the gonococcus, cause of gonorrhoea and other 

 serious ailments,"" and it will be recalled that in this year the 



^"* D. J. Guthrie, A history of inedicine, op. c'lt., 288; F. H. Garrison, Intro, to 

 hist, of med., op. cit., "bll, 857; Justina Hill, Gerins and the man, op. cit., 46. It 

 should be pointed out that Smith, in his address, Fifty years of pathology, did not 

 include under the year 1884 any of the studies being made of the staphylococcus, 

 although in other connections he referred to the work of Pasteur (1878-1892) on 

 streptococcus and staphylococcus pyogenes. 



^^® Fifty years of pathology, op. cit., 19. 



^^° F. H. Garrison, Introduction to the history of rnedicine, op. cit., 563. See also 

 " Annotated list of persons " in Pasteur, The history of a mind, op. cit., 323 (con- 

 cerning Arloing), 328 (Chauveau), and 349 (Thomas). 



^" Ball, de I' Acad, de med., 2e ser., 13: 604-615, May 6, 1884. 



^"* Fifty years of pathology, op. cit., 18. Concerning Arloing, Cornevin, and 

 Thomas's study of symptomatic anthrax, see, also, Pasteur, The history of a mind, 

 op. cit., 315. Also, F. W. Garrison, Intro, to the hist, of med., op. cit., 583. 



^"* F. H. Garrison, Introduction to the history of tnedicine, op. cit., 581, and 

 citing Lofiler's publication on this, Arb. a. d. K. Gesundheitsamte, 1: 46-55, Berlin, 



1885. 



'•='» Fifty years of pathology, op. cit., 18. See also. Garrison, Introduction to the 



