212 Investigations in Plant Pathology 



Louis Hermann Pammel of the Iowa station complained to Smith 

 that some of the station work in bacteriology was so careless that 

 he feared that it would discredit all American work. During the 

 school year 1885-1886 Pammel had been Farlow's secretary and 

 from 1886 to 1889 he had been Trelease's assistant at the Shaw 

 School. Before becoming professor of botany at Iowa Agricultural 

 College, he had done special work for the federal department of 

 agriculture. Particularly he criticized " some of the work done at 

 some of our Experiment Stations recently in which some of our 

 bacteriological diseases of plants are described and no attempt 

 made to cultivate the organism." Pammel had written a paper on 

 "Bacteria in relation to Modern Medicine, the Arts and Indus- 

 tries." Smith read it, sent a letter of appreciation, and on October 

 1, 1894, he replied that he had prepared the article "' to correct 

 the numerous statements that appear in our daily press as well as 

 some of our scientific literature." He believed that some of the 

 responsibility for erroneous statements was due to "some of the 

 work done by Americans on this subject." 



In January 1889 Michigan's special laboratory devoted to teach- 

 ing and research in hygiene had been opened at the university at 

 Ann Arbor. Vaughan and Novy were justly proud of this build- 

 ing in which they were to teach the results of their study with 

 Koch and at other research places in their recent visit to Europe. 

 It was announced that all of the improved apparatus employed by 

 Koch was available for a three-months' course in bacteriology.'^ 



In 1889 Welch had arranged for a laboratory of hygiene for 

 the facult)' of medicine bemg organized at Johns Hopkins. Model- 

 led after von Pettenkofer's laboratory at Munich, this was to 

 supplement other laboratories and facilities for work in experi- 

 mental pathology, bacteriology, pathological histology, etc. In 

 1886 he had sent Alexander Crever Abbott, a graduate in medicine 

 in 1884 from the University of Maryland, to study with von 

 Pettenkofer and Koch at the universities of Munich and Berlin. 

 Abbott had returned and started the hygiene laboratory at the 

 Hopkins. But v/ithin a few years. Dr. Billings organized an 

 Institute of Hygiene at the University of Pennsylvania and Abbott 

 went there as professor of hygiene and bacteriology."" Billings had 



''" Announcement made in the University of Michigan catalogue. See, William 

 Henry Welch etc., op. cit.. 342; also A doctor's ?nemories, op. cit., 146-149. 

 '"" William Henry Welch etc., pp. 341-341, 506, n. 1. 



