Placed on a Nation-wide Basis 213 



lectured on hyi;icnc at JdIihs Hopkins since perhaps 1883. A 

 great School of Hygiene and Public Health at the University of 

 Pennsylvania would grow out of this histitutc, later Laboratory, 

 of Hygiene. On University Day, February 22, 1892, appropriate 

 ceremonies were held to dedicate its building on the university 

 campus. That year the first edition of Abbott's Prhiciples of 

 Bacteriology appeared. Further, when that year seven ships 

 brought into the port of New York almost a hundred cases of 

 cholera from Hamburg, Germany, where a severe epidemic was 

 in progress, ample justification for equipping the first municipal 

 bacteriological laboratory was seen, and Biggs, Prudden, and 

 Welch made the most of it. Already the distinctively American 

 achievement of establishing laboratories in conjunction with state 

 boards of health was under way. Public support of this first 

 municipal bacteriological laboratory in the United States was 

 enthusiastic when Dr. Edward K. Dunham, under Biggs' direc- 

 tion, made cultures of cholera bacilli which were confirmed both 

 in this country and in Germany, and, with the use of quarantine, 

 preventive, and other sanitary methods, pathologists and hygienists 

 were able to halt the spread of a dangerous disease." 



In 1892 Dr. Councilman, also a graduate in medicine from the 

 University of Maryland and since 1886 associated with Welch in 

 pathology at Johns Hopkins, went to Harvard as Shattuck Pro- 

 fessor of Pathological Anatomy, and to his place was appointed 

 Simon Flexner, a young druggist from Louisville, Kentucky, who 

 had studied medicine at the university there, taught himself 

 pathology, and since 1890 been in Baltimore eagerly endeavoring 

 to study with Welch.'' George H. Falkiner Nuttall, a graduate 

 in 1884 in medicine from the LIniversity of California, who had 

 obtained his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees 

 from the University of Gottingen, was Welch's assistant in bacteri- 

 ology at the Hopkins. In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School 

 officially opened its doors with its " Faculty par excellence," '^ 

 comprising, of course, its great four, Welch, Osier, William S. 

 Halsted, and Howard Atwood Kelly, and eight professors. Four 

 of these professors held degrees from the University of Michigan 



^^ William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine, op. cit., 

 343, et seq. 

 "•^Idem, 160. 

 ''"A doctor's memories, op. cit., 223, a quotation from Victor C. Vaughan. 



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