214 Investigations in Plant Pathology 



— Henry Mills Hurd ®° in psychiatry, William Henry Howell in 

 physiology, John Jacob Abel in pharmacology, and Franklin Paine 

 Mall in anatomy. Fielding H. Garrison has said of their work: 



... its faculty soon established a well-deserved reputation, at home and 

 abroad, for original scientific work. In Welch's laboratory, Nuttall, 

 Flexner, Councilman, Mall, Abbott, Wright, Sternberg, Walter Reed, and 

 many others were trained, and out of it came his own original work on the 

 experimental production of diphtheria by its toxins, on the bacteriology of 

 wound infection, on the gas bacillus and the diseases produced by it, as 

 also the work of Walter Reed on the pathology of typhoid fever, of 

 MacCallum and Opie on the malarial parasite, of Opie on pancreatic 

 diabetes, of Thayer and Blumer on gonorrheal endocarditis. Reed, Carroll, 

 and Lazear, who discovered the causation and prevention of yellow fever, 

 were all pupils of Welch. From Osier's clinic came the extensive studies 

 of malarial fever by Thayer and others, of amoebic dysentery by Council- 

 man and Lafleur, of eosinophilia by Thayer and Brown, of pneumothorax 

 by Emerson.^i 



For several years H. Newell Martin and W. K. Brooks had been 

 giving undergraduate and advanced laboratory and lecture in- 

 struction in biology. Research and learning in the phenomena of 

 living things were taught, and organisms from lower to higher 

 plant and animal forms were traced, including such genera as 

 Torula, Protococcus, Amoeba, Micrococcus, Bacterium, Spirillum, 

 PeniciUium, Mucor, Spirogyra, Nitella, and others.^' At Massachu- 

 setts Institute of Technology, Dr. Sedgwick had been developing 

 biological instruction, and graduating theses under him during 

 1887-1892 included examining water supplies, biological and 

 chemical characters of bacteria, life history of amoeba, physiology 

 of the sundew, and such other subjects of recognized value that by 

 1892 five men in addition to Sedgwick were required as depart- 

 mental instructors.^^ 



During the 1890's profound specialization began to characterize 

 the building of bacteriology as an exact science. Erwin F. Smith 

 regarded this as a milestone of progress. In various types of 

 investigation, specialists began to come forward. Along with 

 animal and plant bacteriologists emerged specialists in the grow- 



*** Thomas Stephen Cullen, Henry Mills Hurd, the first superintendent of the Johns 

 Hopkins Hospital, 16 et seq. Bahimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1920. 

 '"'■John Shaw Billings, A Memoir, op. cit., 210-211. 

 ^- Johns Hopkins Circular 58: 97, July, 1887. 

 *' A pioneer of public health, William Thompson Sedgwick, op. cit., 35-37. 



