Fi AC 11) ON A Nation-widi-; Basis 217 



horses iminunizcJ aj^ainst diplithcria, had developed a diphtheria 

 antitoxin or scruin ov whali tlie human death rate from this 

 disease was definitely lowered. In 189-1 Kitasato would make his 

 discovery of the b.iLillus of plai^ue. liy 1891 he had founded, and 

 become director of, Japan's famous Institute for Infectious Dis- 

 eases. Six years he had studied under Koch. 



In October 1890, while Russell was in Koch's laboratory, the 

 great master had startled and thrilled the world with the announce- 

 ment of his treatment, tuberculin, for human tuberculosis, a 

 remedy, which, while it proved disappointing as a "cure" for 

 pulmonary tuberculosis, was made use of later by Russell and 

 others as a diagnostic method of much value in detecting tuber- 

 culosis in cattle.®'' 



Charles Wardell Stiles, later an American authority on hook- 

 worm diseases, had been educated at Wesleyan University, Con- 

 necticut. While Russell was in Europe, Stiles was there, too, 

 studying at the universities of Berlin and Leipzig. In 1892 he 

 would become professor of medical zoology at Georgetown Uni- 

 versity, and in 1894 a special lecturer on the same subject at the 

 Army Medical School and later Johns Hopkins. 



Plant students had gone to Europe for advanced study. But, 

 during the early 1890's, their number was still few, and doubtless 

 far less than those interested in the animal sciences. 



During the summer of 1889, Volney Morgan Spalding had 

 studied at Jena and been given such a welcome that he wrote of 

 it to Smith. Professor Detmer took Spalding into his home and his 

 private laboratory and permitted him every facility for some physi- 

 ological experiments, mostly on plant assimilation. Spalding 

 stopped at Bonn and heard the great Eduard Strasburger lecture, 

 enjoyed a pleasant chat with Schimper, examined the laboratory 

 and appliances there, learned more of microscopes and the camera, 

 visited Leipzig and its botanical institute, and on his journey 

 homeward spent some while at Oxford. At the University of 

 Michigan eight students by 1890 were in his class in plant physi- 

 ology. Among them and graduating that year, Frederick Charles 

 Newcombe, after doing some teaching at his alma mater, went 

 to the University of Leipzig and obtamed in 1893 his doctorate 



*" Unpublished manuscript, In Koch's Laboratory when his "Tuberculin Cure" 

 was announced, prepared by Dean-Emeritus Russell. 



