336 LUMINOUS ORGANISMS OF FAR EAST 



various remarkable and interesting luminous organisms of Japan and 

 the Far East. 



Bacteria 



In Japan very few taxonomic reports appear on luminous bacteria, 

 but there are many observations on these organisms. Studies on 

 morphology, immune reactions, cultivation, relation to pH and 

 temperature, effect of salt, action of drugs, antibiotics, and others 

 have been made by many workers, namely, Imamura (1904), Yasaki 

 (1926), Ninomiya (1924), Majima (1931), Kishitani (1933), Takase 

 (1938, 1939), Nakamura (1939, 1940, 1942a,b), Haga (1942), Yasaki 

 and Kimura (1946), Yasaki and Kobayashi (1946), Kozukue (1952a, 

 b), Odawara (1953a,b,c), and Shibata (1953a,b). 



Symbiotic Luminous Bacteria 



Studies on symbiotic luminous bacteria have been made by Yasaki 

 (1928, 1929), Kishitani (1928a,b,c, 1930, 1932), Yasaki and Haneda 

 (1935a,b), and Haneda ( 1938a,b, 1940, 1941, 1950, 1951). 



My own work has been chiefly concerned with fishes of the 

 Acropomatidae, Leiognathidae, Gadidae, and Macrouridae, from 

 which the following conclusions can be drawn. Two species of lu- 

 minous bacteria exist in two species of Acropoma, namely, Acropoma 

 jap07iicwn Giinther and Acropoma hanedai Matsubara; one group of 

 luminous bacteria from fish of the Leiognathidae, and one group of 

 luminous bacteria from fishes of the Gadidae and Macrouridae are 

 all different and constitute new species. The details of the bacterio- 

 logical work will be presented elsewhere. 



Parasitic Luminous Bacteria 



Studies on parasitic luminous bacteria were made by Yasaki ( 1927 ) , 

 Majima (1931), and Haneda (1939). 



Nonluminous Crustacea and insects frequently become luminous 

 when infected with luminous bacteria. Infection of fresh water 

 shrimp has been investigated by Yasaki. The infected shrimp live only 

 a few hours but they are brilliantly luminous. The luminous bacteria 

 were isolated and called Microspira phosphoreum. Majima (1931), 

 through his detailed study, later reidentified it as Vibrio yasakii. 



