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A TEXTBOOK OF THEORETICAL BOTANY 



out of the calyx. It is then called the anthophore. Again, if the toral 

 internode is notably elongated and there is a marked separation between 

 the perianth and the two upper zones of the flower, the structure is called a 



Fig. 1 1 14. — Silene saxifiaga. Flower in longi- 

 tudinal section with anthophore, below, and 

 gynophore, above. {After Wettstein.) 



Fig. 1 1 15. — Boscia variabilis. Flower 

 with gynandrophore. {After Col- 

 lett and Hemsley.) 



gynandrophore; examples being Passiflora, Boscia (Fig. 11 15) and Ster- 

 ciilia. The family of Capparidaceae supplies several remarkable examples of 

 gynandrophores, sometimes moreover, surrounded by an elongated tubular 

 cupule formed of the united calyx and corolla. When the internode between 

 androecium and gynoecium is elongated (Fig. 11 16) it becomes a gyno- 

 phore (Papilionaceae, Rutaceae, etc.). The Capparidaceae are again 

 noteworthy for the production of such structures, the gynoecium being 

 often raised completely out of the flower, so that in the young state it 

 resembles a rather large stigma at the top of a rather long style. One of the 

 most striking examples is, however, the Ground Nut, Arachis liypogaea, in 

 which the enormously elongated gynophore becomes positively geotropic 

 and drives the young fruit into the soil, where it ripens (Fig. 11 17). 

 The ovary is itself so slim and pointed in its young state that it looks merely 

 like the apex of the gynophore, and being colourless the entire structure 

 at first closely resembles an adventitious root. From the biological point 

 of view we may regard this gynophore as taking the place of the elongating 

 pedicel which in other cases of " geocarpy " accomplishes the burial of 

 the fertilized ovary. (See p. 1570.) 



A simple androphore supporting the androecium alone can only occur 

 (unless the basal ring formed by the united stamens in flowers like Oxalis 



