1282 



A TEXTBOOK OF THEORETICAL BOTANY 



TTI. Zoidiophily (Animal Pollination) 



A. Chiropteriphily (Bat flowers) 



B. Ornithophily (Bird flowers) 



1. Direct Bird flowers 



2. Indirect Bird flowers 



C. Malacopliily (Slug and Snail flowers) 



1. Land plants 



2. Water plants 



D. Entomophily (Insect Pollination) 

 [a) Flowers visited for pollen 



1. Actinomorphic flowers 



2. Zygomorphic flowers 



[h] Flowers visited for nectar 



1. Flowers with exposed nectar 



2. Flowers with partly con- 



cealed nectar 



3. Flowers with concealed 



nectar 



4. Social flowers with con- 



cealed nectar 



5. Flowers visited by special 



groups of insects 



i. Hymenopterous flowers 

 («) Hive Bee flowers 

 [h) Flumble Bee flowers 

 (c) Bee-Humble Bee flowers 

 {(l) Bee-Butterfly flowers 

 {e) Wasp flowers 

 (/) Ichneumon Fly flowers 



ii. Lepidopterous Flowers 

 {a) Butterfly flowers 

 {b) Moth flowers 



(a) Flowers opening by day 

 {b) Flowers opening by night 



iii Dipterous Flowers 

 {a) Nauseous flowers 

 {b) Pitfall flowers 

 {c) Pitfall inflorescences 

 {d) Pinchtrap flowers 



{a) Clip type 



{b) Orchid type 



{c) Bristle type 



{d) Explosive type 



Bauhinia megalandra 



Bignonia spp. 

 Marcgravia nepenthoides 



Chrysanthemum leiicanthemiim 

 Lemna spp. (?) 



Verbascum nigrinn 

 Cassia marylandica 



Euonymus europaeiis 

 Berberis vulgaris 

 Vaccinium myrtilliis 

 Scabiosa arvensis 



Trifoliiim repens 

 Trifoiium pratense 

 Calamintha alpiiia 

 Rhinanthiis hirsutus 

 Scrophiilaria nodosa 

 Listera ovata 



Phlox paniciilata 



Lilium martagon 

 Nicotiana affinis 



Saxifraga aisoides 

 Asarum europaeum 

 Arum maculatum 



Asclepias curassavica 

 Pterostylis longifolia 

 Pinguicula alpina 

 Crucianella stvlo<!a 



