1544 



A TEXTBOOK OF THEORETICAL BOTANY 



consolidated fruits of the flowers of an inflorescence, with the exception 

 of those, Hke the Mulberry, the Pineapple and the Fig, which involve other 

 part? besides the actual fruits. Such are, for example, the fruits of Monstera 



Fig. 1405. — Aggregate fruits of Magnolia 

 acuminota (above) and of Annona cheri- 

 molia (below). 



deliciosa (see Fig. 1952) and of many other Araceae such as Acorus; of the 

 Bread Fruit {Artocarpiis incisa) (see Fig. 1627) ^^id of the related Jack Fruit 

 {A. integrifolia), all well known in the tropics. The foregoing are all fleshy, 

 but the woody fruits of Pandamis are also collective. In spite of their hard 

 exterior the Pandamis fruits are pulpy inside and are individually berries. 

 There are not many examples of collective fruits among familiar temperate 

 genera. Casiiarina (see Fig. 1653) and Liquidambar both have collective 

 fruits of united capsules and Lonicera has inferior berries which fuse in 

 pairs, sometimes at quite an early stage of development. 



We have described in an earlier chapter (seep. 1354) certain plants 

 which produce differently shaped fruits from their cleistogamic and chasmo- 

 gamic flowers. Some plants, for unknown reasons, produce fruits of more 

 than one kind on the same individual, without cJeistogamy, though examples 

 are not common. This is known as heterocarpy. For instance a small 

 Crucifer on Juan Fernandez, Heterocarpiis fernandesianus, closely resembles 

 Cardamine chenopodiifolia in its two kinds of siliquas (seep. 1355), although 

 they are both above ground. Those cases in which fruits of two kinds are 

 borne respectively above and below ground have been called amphicarpy. 



The best-known cases of heterocarpy are undoubtedly among the 

 Compositae, where the cypselas formed by the ray-florets and the disc- 

 florets respectively are sometimes very different in appearance. The 

 genera Calendula and Dimorpbotheca provide striking examples. In 



