THE FAMILIES OF THE ANGIOSPERMAE 1603 



advanced, there has been a definite attempt to keep famiHes together in 

 large orders rather than to split them into many smaller ones. In this way 

 considerable space has been saved and the classification becomes easier for 

 students' use. At the same time Bentham's group of Apetalae has been 

 rejected in favour of the more modern view that the apetalous families are 

 reduced derivatives from various other families. We have however retained 

 the Ranales in their traditionally primitive position, in opposition to Engler's 

 treatment of them, and have placed the Monocotyledones after the Dicoty- 

 ledones. This is in conformity with Hutchinson's recent view. The present 

 treatment however differs from his in that we do not separate the orders 

 into two lines, namely those predominantly herbaceous, starting with the 

 Ranales, and those predominantly woody, beginning with the Magnoliales, 

 nor do we follow him entirely in his separation of many smaller orders. 



It is obvious that in a linear series it is impossible to indicate a true 

 phylogeny and the horizontal lines across the following list of Orders and 

 Families are intended only to indicate boundaries between different cycles of 

 affinity. The order following such a line may be regarded as being an off- 

 shoot from one of the orders, but not necessarily from the last, of a previous 

 block. 



Despite this method of treatment the families of the Angiospermae 

 occupy a considerable section of this volume, which may be taken to 

 indicate their great importance in the study of Botany. For convenience the 

 two groups of the Dicotyledones, i.e., Archichlamydeae and Metachlamy- 

 deae, and the Monocotyledones will be treated in separate chapters. 



OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANGIOSPERMAE 



I. DICOTYLEDONES 

 A. ARCHICHLAMYDEAE 



1. Ranales* Ranunculaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Berberidaceae, 



Magnoliaceae, x^nnonaceae, Myristicaceae, Laur- 

 aceae, Calycanthaceae, Ceratophyllaceae. 



2. Rhoeadales Capparidaceae, Papaveraceae, Resedaceae, 



Cruciferae. 



3. Resales Pittosporaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Platanaceae, 



Rosaceae. 



4. Saxifragales Crassulaceae, Cephalotaceae, Saxifragaceae, 



Podostemaceae. 



5. Leguminosae Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae, Papilionaceae. 



6. Parietales Cistaceae, Bixaceae, Tamaricaceae, Violaceae, 



Passifloraceae, Caricaceae. 



7. Cuciirbitales Cucurbitaceae, Begoniaceae. 



8. Guttiferales Theaceae, Guttiferae, Dipterocarpaceae. 



9. Cactales Cactaceae. 



* Those Orders and Families printed in heavy type are considered in detail : the others 

 are treated more superficially. 



