Forcing 



Foveola 



Forc'ing, the operation by which 

 cultivators produce fruit and 

 vegetables out of season, early or 

 late. 



for'cipate, forcipa'tus {forceps, nip- 

 pers), forked like pincers. 



Fore-leaf, a translation of the Ger. 

 "Vorblatt"; a bracteole or pro- 

 phyllura. 



Fore-ran'ner Point, a form of leaf- 

 apex which performs all duties of 

 assimilation before tlie basal por- 

 tion is mature; Ger. " Vorlaufer- 

 spitze. " 



For'est, in a botanic sense, laud 

 covered with trees exclusively, or 

 wdth an undergrowth of shrubs or 

 herbs ; many varieties are re^-og- 

 nized by ecologists, e. g., swamp '-, 

 etc., forest'ian'^(upper), a stage in 

 peat when Finns was dominant : ~ 

 or (lower) Betula, Cory /us and Alnus, 

 the prevalent trees, in the peat-stage. 



Fore'wold, the thicket zone bordering 

 a forest (Clements). 



forfica'tus, {for/ex, scissors), scissor- 

 lii<e, resembling shears. 



forked, sepn rating into two divisions, 

 more or less apart. 



Form {forma, shape), a slight 

 variety or variation, as long and 

 short-styled Forms; nearly thirty 

 special terms are enumerated by 

 0. Kuntze in his " Methodik der 

 Speciesbeschreibung, " pp. 15-17 ; ~ 

 Gen'us, a genus made up of an 

 assemblage of '- Spe'cies, an ap- 

 parent species which is really a 

 single stage of the life-cycle of a 

 pleomorphous species ; ~ Spore, a 

 body simu'ating a spore but with- 

 out germinating power, or remaining 

 attached to its sporophore ; For'mae 

 oxyda'tae. (Lat.) crustaceous Lichens 

 which have become rust-coloured 

 from an infiltration of some salt of 

 iron. 



Fonna'tion, {formatio, a shaping), in 

 botany, applied ' to an assemblage 

 of plants of similar habits and en- 

 vironment, as a forest is a -^ of 

 trees, turf a ~ of grasses ; in Ger. 

 ** Pflanzenverein " ; closed '^ , Avhen 



the plants are so crowded that in- 

 vasion is difficult; mixed '~, when 

 a mixture of two or more distinct 

 formations ; o'pen -^ , when the 

 plants and groups are scatteied 

 (Clements) ; sec'ondary -^ , those 

 which have arisen through human 

 interference (Wanning) ; Dr. 

 Moss's subdivisions are given tmder 

 Association. Isotv,-.— Association 

 is also used, but both terms are 

 somewhat loosely employed. 



form'ative. giving form, plastic ; <*< 

 Irritabirity, the capacity of tissues 

 to respond to stimuli and to produce 

 outgrowths (Virchow); -*- Mate 'ri- 

 als, applied to such as starch, su.ar, 

 fats, and albuminoids ; --' Re'gion, 

 the growing point proper; '^ 

 Stim'uius, the capacity of micro- 

 organisms to produce outgrowths 

 of determinate form (Virchow). 



formicar'ian {formica, an ant), ap- 

 plied by Beccari to those plants 

 possessing saccharine fluids, thus 

 attracting ants. 



for'nicate, for-ica'tus (Lat., arched 

 over), provided with scale-like 

 a[)pendages in the corolla-tube, as 

 in Myosotis ; For'nices, p . of For'- 

 nix (Lat.), a little scnle. 



Fos'sil ( ossiis, dug), the remains of 

 a plant < hanged to a stony con- 

 sistence, from various straa; --' 

 Bot'any, the department which 

 takes note of fossil plants, palaeo- 

 botany. 



Fos'sula (Lat., a little ditch), a small 

 groove in some I )iatom- valves. 



Fost'er-plant = H ost. 



Founda'tion, a literal rendering of 

 the Ger. " Anlage." 



four-fold, quadruple ; — Porien- 

 Grains, as in Oeruthera, which 

 form coherent tetrads. 



Fov'ea (Lat., a small pit), a depres- 

 sion or pit, as il) in the upper surface 

 of the le.if-base in Isuetes, which 

 contains the sporangium ; (2) the seat 

 of The pollinium in Oi cliids ; fov'eate 

 fovea' ins, pitted ; Fov'tola, (1) a 

 small pit : (2) " the perithecium of 

 certain Fungals " (Lindley) ; (3) in 



151 



