ae, oe, ei, practically as in pain. 



au as in house. 



c and g always hard, as in cut and good. 



ch as in Christian. 



APPENDIX C 



THE USE OF THE TERMS "RIGHT" AND ''LEFT" 



These terms are but seldom required in botanic descriptions, being only 

 used to denote the direction of a twist or spiral. Unfortunately they have 

 been employed in opposite senses, so that the meaning of one author may be 

 completely perverted by his misuse of the correct method. In zoology, wh^re 

 bilateral symmetry is common, these terms are always applied to the limbs or 

 organs of an animal with regard to its axis, and the majority of botanists have 

 carried out the same idea with regard to plants. A spiral may be considered as 

 turning to the right or the left, that is, two spirals may run in contrary 

 directions, but the same spiral may be differently designated according to the 

 position of the observer. The orthodox way regards the observer as being 

 placed within while noting the direction of the twist, as if he were looking 

 south, and recording the apparent passage of the sun from his left towards his 

 right; this, dextrorse, is the common acceptance of " with the sun " or "like 

 the clock hands " ; it is also the motion of driving home a screw, which receives 

 its name of " right-handed " from the motion, and not from the aspect of the 

 pitch of its threads. 



A few observers have disregarded these considerations, and have placed their 

 point of view outside the spiral. The result of this is to reverse the terms, for a 

 dextrorse climbing plant then seems to pass from right to left, which they then 

 term sinistrorse. If we ascend a spiral staircase constantly bearing to our right, 

 we are describing a right-handed spiral, and the staircase is also dextrorse. 

 Many climbing plants, as the Hop and the Honeysuckle, take this course, 

 others, as the White Convolvulus and Scarlet Runner, take the opposite. 



Torsion of the corolla is sometimes highly characteristic, as in some genera 

 of Apocyneae and Myrsineae. It has been recommended that a few words should 

 be added to define the position of the observer, as e centra visum, or externe 

 visum, as the case may be. For a fuller discussion of these points reference 

 should be made to Alphonse de Candolle, " La Phytographie," pp. 201-208, 

 0. B. Clarke in the Journal of the Linnean Society, xviii. (1881), 468-473, and 

 R.. H. Compton, in the Journal of Genetics, ii. (1912), 52^70. Short notices 

 will also be found in Journ. Bot. ix. (1871), 216, 333.; Gard. Chron., N.S. 

 vii. (1877), 48, 147, 280, 630; id. Ser. III. Ixii. (1917), 125; Beitr. z. Bot.Cen- 

 trcUb., Orig. Arb. xli. (1925), 51-81, Taf. 1-4; Bot. Zeit. lix. (1901), 379—381. 



477 



