154 W< S. Cooper 



elimination of stem and reduction of leaf surface to the mini- 

 mum have been the dominating tendencies. 



Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch. (fig. 2c), on the coast of Wash- 

 ington, Oregon, and California, is a minor species of the fore- 

 dune zone. Its role is to bind the surface rather than to form 

 hillocks. In Alaska it grows upon the strand, mingling with 

 Elymus and Lathyrus, and in the tundra-like community that 

 often lies adjacent. It ranges from Atka Island in the Aleutian 

 chain southward to Santa Maria, California. It is not reported 

 from the coast of Mexico and Central America, but occurs along 

 the western side of South America from Ecuador to Patagonia. 

 Here it is not exclusively coastal. Skottsberg (1910, 191 6) states 

 that it is found in steppe and meadow-like communities and in- 

 habits gravelly river banks. Donat (1931) speaks of its occurrence 

 in forests of Nothofagus pumilio. It is recorded from a number 

 of localities on the eastern slopes of the southern Andes and from 

 one point on the Atlantic coast of southern Argentina. One speci- 

 men is labeled "Bolivia!' It occurs also on Juan Fernandez, and on 

 the Hawaiian Islands in the mountains at elevations of from 

 4500 to 10,000 feet. 



Lupinus littoralis Dougl. (fig. 6c) is a species of little ecologic 

 importance. It inhabits feebly moving sand away from the shore, 

 usually in company with Poa macrantha. It ranges from Comox, 

 on the eastern shore of Vancouver Island, southward to Point 

 Reyes, California. A closely related species, L. tidestromii Greene, 

 is found in similar habitats on the Monterey Peninsula and at 

 Point Reyes. 



Lathyrus. — ^Two species of this genus occur on the Pacific 

 shores of North America. One ranges widely in north temperate 

 and subarctic regions; the other is endemic. Lathyrus japonicus 

 Willd. [L. maritimus (L.) Bigel.], figures ^b, ^a, is strictly a 



