274 Eduard Riibel 



Mountains. The forest, 1450 meters above sea level, v^as domi- 

 nated by three evergreen oaks — Quercus etnoryi, Quercus art- 

 zonica, and Quercus oblongi folia. 



6. Durifruticeta: Sclerophyllous scrub. — Durifruticeta are 

 scrubs with sclerophyllous foliage or green axes, switch plants. 

 In Australia this scrub is for the most part climatically condi- 

 tioned, but in the other continents biotic and edaphic factors 

 have originated and enlarged the scrub areas enormously. From 

 Australia is known the eucalyptal Mallee-scrub, the acacial 

 Mulga-scrub, the Brigalow-scrub, and others; from Cape Prov- 

 ince, the Fynbosch. The Mediterranean Macchia and Garigue 

 is to be divided into a series of federations and associations so 

 far not entirely unraveled. The most luxuriant is the Arbution, 

 in which are the Arbutetum, dominated by the glossy Arbutus 

 unedo, the Ericetum arboreae, and the Fruticiquercetum iUcis, 

 dominated by the shrubby-formed Quercus ilex. In the cist rose 

 federation may be counted the Cistetum monspeliensis, the 

 Cistetum ladaniferi, and the Cistetum salvifolii. The Garigue 

 of Spain includes different types of the Tomillares; the Dwarf- 

 palm scrub, Chamaeropetum humilis, is also a good association; 

 in Greece the Phrygana types, in southern France large areas of 

 Quercetum cocciferae, the Kermes oak, dominating. 



In California the "climax chaparral association" (Cooper) is 

 the dominant community over the whole of the southern Coast 

 Ranges and the mountains of southern California and northern 

 Lower California. Adenostoma fasciculatum is for the most part 

 the dominant species, but many evergreens are conspicuous and 

 quite a few consociations will be recognized within the asso- 

 ciation. Many species of Arctostaphylos and of Ceanothus are 

 prominent. With its center in the northern Sierra, the mosdy 

 biotically conditioned (fire) "Conifer forest chaparral associa- 



