EARLY RECORDS AND RECENT LITERATURE 47 



exoskeletal parts of this euphausian can often be detected, adding that if Dall and Dunstan are 

 correct, ' it is hard to beHeve that in the stomachs of the other 2000 humpback whales examined at 

 Tangalooma there were found no remains of E. siiperba'. As I have noted elsewhere (Marr, 1957) all 

 our evidence (p. 168) points to the feeding of the baleen whales as being a surface phenomenon and not 

 a bathypelagic one as suggested here, and that of the many hundreds of observations we have in the 

 Antarctic intermediate layer, covering all the known migrational routes of the humpback whale, there 

 is not one that gives the slightest sign of a deep northward transport of the krill away from the 

 Antarctic zone. But perhaps the most serious objection to the whole suggestion that E. superba at 

 this deep level could be carried so far from its normal habitat is that the animals supposedly so carried 

 away would find little or nothing to eat. Nemoto (1959) agrees with the views expressed by Jonsgard 

 and me. Brodsky and Vinogradov (1957) record the frequent occurrence of 'large concentrations' 

 of early developmental forms of E. superba (Calyptopes and Furcilias) near the Antarctic mainland in 

 120° E, from observations made some time during the summer and autumn of 1956, precisely when, 

 however, not being stated. In February of the following year the Russians in the ' Ob ' (Beklemishev, 

 1958a; Beklemishev and Korotkevitch, 1958) claim to have found a cyclonic movement off Enderby 

 Land between 60° and 64° S, in the centre of which there is deep water rising to the surface from 

 below.^ This ' new ' water they say, poor in ' plantlets ', is continually displacing the existing surface 

 water towards the periphery of the cyclone with the result that the whole area is one in which the 

 phytoplankton is scarce. In the centre of this vortex they report a rich population of E. superba at 

 the surface, its density, as revealed by Juday nets, being of the order of 50 per cubic metre,^ adding that 

 patches of these animals seen on the surface were about 100 m. in diameter. They state that this dense 

 local accumulation of euphausians had been carried to the surface from below by the upwelling deep 

 water, but produce no evidence that there was in fact a deep population from which such a movement 

 could have sprung. They state too, again, however, without supporting evidence, that the 'developing 

 young forms of E. superba live mainly in the intermediate warm layer, and rise to the surface at the 

 Antarctic divergence'.^ In a more recent reference to this and other regions of atmospheric generated 

 upwelling which Russian expeditions have reported to be associated with cyclonic movements along the 

 East Wind- West Wind boundary zone, Beklemishev (1959) goes much farther, suggesting there is a 

 deep population of krill in the warm intermediate layer which rises to the surface in the upwelling 

 centres of the cyclones along this boundary zone. ' Antarctic baleen whales ', he writes, ' live mainly on 

 krill, E. superba, which inhabits the moderately warm layer, and rises to the surface (the o-io metre 

 layer) at the Antarctic divergence'. Thus he concludes the 'irregularity of euphausiid distribution is 

 not insignificant or accidental (although Marr affirms otherwise),* but is related to non-uniform 

 upweUing'. We shall see later, however (pp. 157-70), from a wealth of bathymetric data, that there 

 is no evidence that the krill, in its restricted meaning as food for the baleen whales, normally lives 

 deep as Beklemishev suggests.^ We find on the contrary that the mass of the feed, larval, adolescent 

 and adult, spends by far the greater part of its existence in the Antarctic surface layer, at or not very 



1 It has been suggested (Ivanov and Tareev, 1959) that this and similar upwellings recently reported by Russian expeditions 

 along the East Wind-West Wind boundary zone are generated by atmospheric cyclones centred over them (see also 

 p. 217). 



2 Beklemishev (1959), citing Moore (1950) on the marked ability of euphausians to avoid towed nets, raises this figure 

 to 500. 



* Or, as it is more commonly known (p. 58, Fig. 4), the northern boundary of the East Wind drift. 



* I do not in fact affirm otherwise. Beklemishev seems to have misconstrued much of what I said in my advance note 

 (Marr, 1956) on the summer distribution of the krill, or perhaps he was working from an indifferent translation. 



5 In a later paper (Beklemishev, i960) he refers to this deep population as 'the later Furcilia larvae and young adolescent 

 kriir, stages in fact that Eraser (1936) long ago demonstrated are massed, evidently throughout life, dominantly near the 

 surface, or at any rate in the 50-0 m. layer. 



