PARASITES 253 



on southern whales. It does appear therefore that the healed scars found on whales in the Azores are 

 not necessarily a sign of migration from warmer waters. 



At Horta no cyamids or whale-lice were found on the twenty-three whales whose blackskin was 

 sufficiently intact to make negative observations valid. However, they do undoubtedly occur on 

 Azores whales, although presumably they are uncommon. I was shown a dried specimen at Horta, 

 and Pouchet (1888, 1892) described from sperm whales in the Azores a new species, Cyamus physeteris, 

 and a variety, Cyamus boopis var. physeteris. Verrill described C. fascicularis from a sperm whale in 

 Bermuda (1902, p. 21), but Barnard says that C '. fascicularis is the same as C. physeteris (1932, p. 307). 

 Recently Margolis (1955) has examined Pouchet's Azores material, and he finds that C. boopis var. 

 physeteris is actually Cyamus catodontis, a new species which Margolis in 1954 described from British 

 Columbia. Although the occurrence of cyamids on sperm whales has been reported from several 

 oceans (Hamilton, 1914, p. 140; Matthews, 1938, p. 126; Mizue & Murata, 1951, p. 91; Kakuwa, 

 Kawakami & Iguchi, 1953, p. 184; and unpublished records of mine from the 1947-8 Antarctic 

 season), the only other species so far identified from the sperm whale is Paracyamus (Cyamus) boopis 

 which Barnard (1932, p. 312) records from a whale at Durban. Margolis (1955, p. 128) suggests, 

 however, that the cyamids on the Durban whale ' possibly are referable to C. catodontis '. Sperm whales 

 of the North Atlantic are thus parasitized by two* species of whale-lice, Cyamus (Neocyamus \) 

 physeteris and Cyamus catodontis, of which C. catodontis has been described from sperm whales of the 

 North Pacific, and may possibly occur on those of the South Indian Ocean. 



The degenerate copepod Penella was present twice at Horta, once on the tail of an adult male and 

 once on the flukes of a pregnant female. Dr J. P. Harding of the British Museum (Natural History) 

 has kindly assisted me to identify the species, which appears to be Penella balaenopterae Koren & 

 Danielssen,| known from blue and fin whales north and south. Penella has been also recorded from 

 sperm whales in the eastern North Pacific, the South Indian Ocean, and the Antarctic (Omura, 1950, 

 p. 96; Mizue, 1950, p. 116; Matthews, 1938, p. 126; Mizue & Murata, 1951, p. 90; and my colleague 

 Dr R. M. Laws' unpublished notes on biological work accomplished during the 1953-4 Antarctic 

 season); none of these authors mentions the species of Penella concerned. 



Two species of the stalked barnacle Conchoderma were collected at Horta. Conchoderma virgatum 

 (Spengler) occurred as five individual epizoic on the stem of the first penellid specimen mentioned 

 above. Nilsson-Cantell (1930, p. 251) records a similar association between C. virgatum and Penella 

 from a southern blue whale. The second species, Conchoderma auritum (Linne),} occupies a charac- 

 teristic position on the sperm whale's body. A cluster of nine individuals was attached to the base of 

 the right front tooth of one whale (F 14) among twenty-five whose lower jaws were examined at Horta 

 in 1949. I also recorded it in the Antarctic season of 1947-8 when four out of 103 whales had the 

 parasites attached to the front two or three mandibular teeth (Plate I, fig. 3) ; Dr R. M. Laws recorded 

 it in a similar position on one of seventy-four whales he examined in the 1953-4 Antarctic season. 

 Other authors have reported the condition from the southern seas (Bennett, § 1837, p. 42; 1840, 11, 

 p. 169), New Zealand (Covill, in Davis, 1874, p. 177), South Shetland Islands, South Georgia and 

 South Africa (Nilsson-Cantell, 1930, p. 249; 1939, p. 235; Matthews, 1938, p. 126), Ireland (Lillie, 

 1910, p. 789; Collett, 1912, p. 633; Hamilton, 1914, p. 140), Aleutian Islands (Scheffer, 1939, p. 69), 



* Chapman & Santler (1955) have recorded another species, Cyamus globicipitis, from a sperm whale in the Azores. 

 C. globicipitis has not previously been recorded from a sperm whale. However, the authors inform me that they are not now 

 certain of their identification and that their material has been mislaid, so for the present it seems best to neglect this record. 



f Margolis (1955, p- 131) places C. physeteris in a new monospecific genus Neocyamus. 



\ Chapman & Santler (1955) have also recorded Penella balaenopterae from a sperm whale at Fayal, and Conchoderma 

 auritum from the deformed lower jaw of whale F153 (see page 254). 



§ Bennett refers to the barnacle as the 'Otion Cuvieri'. 



