32 



flying at the time of his expt^rimeiit were killed l)y the appli»ta- 

 tion. A translation of Porehinski's article, with additional notes 

 l)\ Dr. Ilowai-d. is i)ul)lished in Bulletin 20. Ignited States De- 

 partment of An'rieulture, Division of Entomology, 1S99. In an 

 i'ivestigation of this method I find it has merit in the right 

 place, but too often all the water of a locality is in swiftly flow- 

 ing streams, where such an application is not elfeciive. 



The method of applying some ()il\' or ill-smelling substance 

 ti. stock for the purpose of repelling tlie Hies lias been in 

 use for a long tim^. but the main olijection to it is that a single 

 application does not last long enough. Kerosene emulsion,* di- 

 luted with two parts of water, with the addition of a litth^ car- 

 be lie acid, has received favor in some sections. This may bt; a[)- 

 plied with an atomizer or hand sprayer. A small atomizer that 

 will throw a very fine spray may be had from different matni- 

 facturers and dealers for about a dollar, and with such a devi(*e 

 one can go over an ordinary-sized herd of cows in a few miinites. 



Several prepared mixtures are on the markets, and Mr. S. 

 J. Baldwin reconnnended the following in the Ohio Farmer for 

 August, 11)04: Kerosene, 3 gallons; ])ine tar, 1 ([uart: earbolie 

 acid, 1 pint. These may be applied in the same way as the above. 



All of these mixtures, when ])roperly appli(Ml, kill many of 

 the connnon Hies,** such as the horn-tiy mid others "which 

 usually cling to the animal until the api)li('ation is nuide. The 

 horseflies, however, will not n^maiii long where the atomizer is 

 in operation, consequently the repelling propei'tii's of thi-sc sub- 

 stances are pi-ncfically all that are (>ff(H'tive. 



When iii Tiouisiana in 1908 my attention was attracted' 

 by the large nuiiibei- of lio7\seflies that enteivd the Station 



♦Kerosene I'limlsioii cmii lie made frntii "J pounds of whale oil i or i;oo<f 

 laundry) soap. 4 j^allons of water and S .wiHohs of kerosene, as follows: Weigh 

 the soap earefuUy and plaee with the water in a vessel ovt*r the fire, using a 

 slight excess of water to make up for evaporation. Fit a i)ump with a straight 

 piece of hose, to wiiich is attached a nozizle f(U- throwing- a straight stream 

 .3-16 or 1-4 inch in diameter. I'our the oil into a barrel or tub in which the- 

 pump is set, and when the soap is dissolved and the solution begins to boil, 

 add it to the oil Intraii from tlir fire) and luinip the whole vigorously back 

 into itself for a period of at least ten minutes. The stream from the nozzle 

 should V)e directed straight downward into the mixture so as to agitate it to 

 the vei'v bottom. After a few minutes the oil and snap solution will be seen 

 to combine, forming a thick creamy solution whicli. when perfectly made, will 

 remain without change for several days. For a 120 per cent, strengtli add 

 water to make a total of 40 gallons: for a 1.5 per cent, strength add water to 

 make 54 gallons, and for a To per cent, strength add water to make 80 gal- 

 lons, and agitate thoroughly before use. 



**f)f the Family Muscidae. 



