Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 135 



exists between the internal nature and ttie external motives." — "The 

 Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct," by Alexander Sutherland. 



"The moral life rests upon the presupposition that the law of cause 

 and effect holds good just as much in the domain of human volition as 

 in the material world — the law that no events take place without a 

 caase, and none without effect." — " Ethical Philosophy," by G. von 

 Gizycki. 



" We evidently feel the solicitations which visit us to be mere phe- 

 nomena, brought before a personality that is more than a phenomenon or 

 than any string of phenomena — a free and judicial Ego, able to deal with 

 the problem offered, and decide between the claimants that have entered 

 our court." — "Types of Ethical Theory," by James Martineau. 



** Our conclusion is that, while on the one hand his consciousness is 

 throughout empirically conditioned, — in the sense that it would not be what 

 at any time it is but for a series of events sensible or related to sensibility, 

 some of them events in the past history of consciousness, others of them 

 events affecting the animal system organic to consciousness, — on the other 

 hand his consciousness would not be what it is, as knowing, or as a subject 

 of intelligent experience, but for the self-realization or reproduction in it, 

 through processes thus empirically conditioned, of an eternal consciousness, 

 not existing in time but the condition of there being an order of time, not 

 an object of experience but the condition of there being an intelligent ex- 

 perienct:', and in this sense not * empirical ' but ' intelligible . ' In virtue of his 

 character as knowing, therefore, we are entitled to say that man is, accord- 

 ing to a certain well-defined meaning of the term, a 'free cause.' * * * 

 To a will free in the sense of unmotived we can attach no meaning what- 

 ever. * * * It is strictly a contradiction to say that an action which a 

 man's character determines, or which expresses his character, is one that 

 he cannot help doing." — "Prolegomena to Ethics," by T. H. Green. 



" Life would be intolerable if the will were not free to adapt itself, within 

 moral limits, to the possible ; but life would be impossible — would not be at 

 all — if the will were free in some inconceivable manner to alter the nature 

 of thiugs by arbitrary ex post facto degrees." — "Natural Law," by Edith 

 Simcox. 



" I shall only add that, in any case, to reason about conduct is to assume 

 that it is determinate. If actions be intrinsically arbitrary, or in so far as 

 they are arbitrary, a theory of action must be a contradiction in terms. And 

 thus, a~i it has been said, that whether we are or are not free, we must act 

 as though we were free, I may say that whether conduct be or be not deter- 

 minate, we must reason about it as though it were determinate." — "The 

 Science of Ethics," by Leslie Stephen. 



" Der Wellenschlag von Ursache und Wirkung, der in der Sinnenwelt in 

 unendlicher Folge sich fortsetzt, bricht sich an jedem menschlichen Willen; 



