115 



INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT, 



BEING 



A SIMPLE ACCOUNT OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS 



WITH EXAMPLES OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO CROPS, 



TEA, COFFEE AND INDIGO CONCERNS, FRUIT 



AND FOREST TREES IN INDIA, 



BY 



E. P. STEBBING, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.b.s. 



Continued from Volume 15, page 386. 



Chapter V. 



Order IV — Hymenoptera. 



In the adult Insect four membranous wings are present ; they have no 

 scales upon them, are usually transparent and never very large, the hinder 

 pair being smaller than the front ones ; the cells formed by the ner- 

 vures in the wing are irregular in size and form, and never very numerous 

 (less than twenty on the front, than fifteen on the hind wing). Mandi- 

 bles are present and are conspicuous even when the other parts of the 

 mouth, as is often the 

 case, form a proboscis 

 or sucking tube. The 

 females are furnished at 

 the extremity of the body 

 with either a saw, a 

 sting, or an ovipositor ; 

 these parts may be either 

 kept withdrawn, when 

 not actually in use, 

 within the body or may 

 be permanently pro- 

 truded. Metamorphosis 

 is complete, both a grub 

 and pupal stage being- 

 present. In the pupal 

 stage the parts of the FlG _ 3Si _ s> i arva . j >pupa) . c> i mag0 f a species of 

 perfect Insect are seen Bombus. 



nearly free, each covered with a very delicate skin. Fig. 33 shows 

 the larva, pupa and imago of a bee (Bombus). 



