PAMMEL POLLtXATION OF PHLOMIS TUBEROSA. 247 



the petals of Roses, Pelargoniums, etc., and use them to line their 

 nests. I was led to treat this subject when I saw the notes of 

 Dr. Schneck and Mr. Van Ingen in the ''Botanical Gazette," and 

 about the same time noticed that the flowers of Phlomis, Sym- 

 phytum, and Monarda, are regularly perforated in the Botanic 

 Garden. 



A century ago, Sprengel noticed that flowers were perfo- 

 rated. Since his time many European as well as American ob- 

 servers have noticed perforations. Among them I may mention 

 Darwin, Delpino, Ogle, Kerner, Loew, and Hermann Miiller. 

 To Loew and especially Miiller are we greatly indebted for pains- 

 taking labor in giving lists of flowers and their visitors, and, with 

 the exception of these and a few by other investigators, we have no 

 statistical tables on the pollination of flowers and their insect vis- 

 itors, so that we have little accurate information as to what insects 

 perforate flowers. It is of value to know not only that a given 

 flower is perforated, but also what relation the insect bears to the 

 flower which it perforates. It is, indeed, interesting to follow out 

 these relations from Midler's tables. But much that has been 

 written on the subject is to be found in the way of short notes 

 in various journals. I have attempted to bring together some of 

 these observations, but it has been somewhat difficult to get hold 

 of full files of some periodicals, so that the bibliograjDhv and ex- 

 amples are not as complete as I should wish them to be. In this 

 connection I must express my indebtedness to Professor Ti'elease, 

 who has kindly placed at my disposal the available literature on 

 the subject, and especially his slip-index and collection of pam- 

 phlets. 



Darwin (25 a) in his "Cross and Self-fertilization," etc., states 

 that out of many hundred specimens of Red Clover examined by 

 him nearly all were perforated, and he has even seen whole fields 

 in the same condition. Thos. Belt (ir) and others have noticed 

 the same thing. It is quite as common for Red Clover to be per- 

 forated in this country as it is in Pvurope. The fact that Symphy- 

 tum officinale, Linaria vulgaris and Scrophularia nodosa are per- 

 forated was known to Sprergel (106). In this country large 

 numbers of flowers of certain species are perforated, as Leggett 

 (58), Merriaam (79), Stone (107), Bailey (7) and Trelease (113) 

 have shown to be the case in Dicentrn cucullaria, D. Canadensis, 



