PAMMEL — POLLINATION OF PHLOMIS TUBEKOSA. 355 



not been separated, but merely cut through.* Prof. Beal (9) watched 

 carefully for two seasons the flowers of the Missouri Currant 

 (Ribes aureum), seeing- large numbers of bees collecting nectar 

 from holes made in the calyx-tube ; yet, after careful examination, 

 has never seen honey-bees make these holes, but several times 

 noticed the Baltimore Oriole passing over the bushes and giving 

 each of the fresh flowers a prick with the tip of his beak. No 

 other bird having been seen doing this, he concluded that it is the 

 work of the Baltimore Oriole, while the honey-bee takes the glean- 

 ings after the Oriole. 



I have alluded to the manner in which Xylocopa makes perfo- 

 rations ; I must also describe how this is done by Bombus and 

 Apis. The mouth-partsf are somewhat complex : the mandibles 

 or upper jaws are developed for the purpose of biting ; the max- 

 illae and labium are brought into use when the bee takes a liquid 

 into its pharynx. The maxillai are situated on each side of the 

 labium, and consist of a flattened stipe at the base, then the rudi- 

 mentary maxillary palpi, and from the stipe projects the triangu- 

 lar and deeply grooved lacinia. When the maxillte are brought 

 close together a tube is formed which opens into the pharynx. 

 The labium or lower lip consists of a central portion and two 

 pairs of appendages, the paraglosste and labial palpi. The cen- 

 tral portion of the labium is divided into a basal portion, the men- 

 tum and a terminal portion, the ligula. " The mentum is hinged 

 to the submentum, which in turn is hinged to the maxilhc by two 

 chitinous rods." The labial palpi are deeply grooved, and when 

 brought together form a tube. In flying from flower to flower 

 the insect carries its sucking apparatus stretched forward so that 

 it is enabled to put it directly into the flower. The mouth-parts 



* The opening of flower-buds by insects has frequently been observed. Dr. Ogle found 

 that insects frequently go to the flower-buds of Pediciilaris sylvatica and thrust their max- 

 illae in between the folds of the corolla so that they can get at the nectar. Mr. Weed observed 

 the same thing in Pedicularis Canadensis (119). Prof. Trelease tells me he has noticed 

 this in several species. Thomas Belt (il) found that the flower-buds of Pliaseolus mitlti- 

 florus were perforated, and Herm;uin Miiller (82 c' ^ found the flower-buds oi Aquilegia vul- 

 garis treated in a like manner. 



t For description of structure of mouth-parts oi Bomhus see Hermann Mailer's Befruch- 

 tung der Blumen, etc., p. 40, No. S7 I. of Bibliography, p. 29. Lubbock, British Wild 

 Flowers, etc., p. 13. A valuable paper by Prof. A. J. Cook, "' The Tongue of the Honey- 

 Bee," Am. Bee Journal, vol. xv. p. 490; Am. Naturalist, vol. xiv. p. 271 ; and Manual 

 of the Apiary, p. 90. In this connection it will not be necessary to refer to the many other 

 excellent monographs on the subject. 



