PAMMEL POLLINATION OF PHLOMIS TUBEROSA. 265 



forator of flowers, in some of which the nectar is in part accessi- 

 ble to it ; that there is a certain correlation in the length of the 

 tongues of Apidce and the flowers they visit in a normal way, 

 but when this limit is reached flowers are often perforated ; that 

 conspicuousness of plants may account for some of the perfora- 

 tions, but most of them are attributable to the non-adaptability of 

 the insect to the flower ; that the insect uses considerable inge- 

 nuity in perforating flowers, attacking them in close proximity to 

 the nectary ; that this is individual experience and not inherit- 

 ance on the part of insects ; and that perforated flowers are not 

 necessarily sterile, but are often quite productive, as is well shown 

 in the case oi Syniphytu7n offiicinale and PJiloinis tuber osa. 



I cannot close this paper without expressing my great indebt- 

 edness to Miss Mattie Hoke, who has drawn all of the figures 

 directly on stone for me ; to Mr, Robertson, who has kindly al- 

 lowed me to use his notes on perforations ; to a few correspond- 

 ents, who have done several favors for me ; and I am especially 

 under great obligations to Prof. Wm. Trelease, who has assisted 

 me in various wavs. 



LIST OF PAPERS CONSULTED IN CONNECTION WITH THIS WORK. 



1 Armstrong — Red Clover and Humble-Bees. Gardner's Chronicle, 



XX. p. 623. Nov. 18S3. See Focke. 



2 Aurivillius, C. — Ueber die BlUte und die Befruchtung von Aconitum 



Lycoctonum. Botaniska SoUskapet i Stochkolm Sitzung. 

 , Feb. 17, 1886. Orig. Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. xxlx. p, 125. 



3 Bailev, W. W.— Bees on Gerardia pedicularia. Bull, of the Torrey 



Bot. Club, vol. ii. p 39. 



4 Perforation of Gerardia pedicularia by Bees. Am. Nat., vol. 



vii. p. 689. 



5 "Apocynum." Bull, of the Torrey Bot. Club, vol. v. p. 9. 



6 Humble-Bees and Gerardia flava. Am. Xat., vol. xii. p. 649. 



7 Note on Dicentra. Bull, of the Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xi. p. 



55. Abstract Just Bot. Jahresbericht. 1S84, p. 64. 



8 Note on Gerardia. Am. Nat., vol. xvi. p. 1005. 



9 Beal, W. J. — The Honey- Bee Gleanings after the Oriole. Am. Nat., 



vol. ii. p. 3S1, 1869. See Sprang and Hollings.worth. 

 10 Beckman, Jos. — Birds and Primroses. Hardwicke's Science Gossip , 

 1S74, p. 135. 



