586 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. 



The male flowers {vulgo aments) and female aments have, 

 like the peduncles, and in continuation of them, binate or ternate 

 scales; the edge of the anther-scales corresponds in its character 

 to the margin of the leaves of the same species; the number of 

 anther-cells varies from 4 to S on each scale, more in the robuster, 

 less in the slenderer forms. 



The juicy strobil, Galbulus, which we may for shortness' sake 

 designate by the popular name of berry, matures like the fruit of 

 many oaks and of the true pines in the second year, but, unlike 

 them, it attains almost its full size in the first autumn, when even 

 the stony coating of the seed is pretty well formed, but it matures 

 fully a year later. We often observe berries of both years, young 

 and maturing ones, on the same stock ; but where it bears only 

 every other year, as conifers often do, fruit of one season and of 

 one state of maturation only is found at one time. The berry is 

 generally closed, but in some species (I have seen it in J. Mexi- 

 cdna, jf. occidentalis, and J. tetragona) it occasionally — on certain 

 trees almost always — remains open at top, with protruding seeds. 



The berry is always full of resin receptacles, mostly close to 

 the seeds, often leaving longitudinal impressions on their sur- 

 face, giving them a grooved appearance. In some species the 

 berries are larger, drier, of a reddish-brown (when fresh reddish- 

 glaucous) color, fibrous texture and sweetish taste, the resinous 

 matter — present in the immature berry — having apparently most- 

 ly been changed into sugar ;* in other species they are black 

 with a blue bloom, smaller, more pulpy, and retain to a great 

 extent their resinous contents unchanged. These differences in 

 the berries may be used to divide the species into two groups, 

 while form and arrangement of leaves are unavailable for this 

 purpose. 



The seeds vary in number ; in some species they are single or 

 sometimes in twos, rarely in threes, while in others the number 

 rises from 5 to 10 or even 12, of which some usually remain im- 

 perfect The seeds have a hard, stony coating, often of great 

 thickness, ovate in general outline, smooth, or grooved or angled 

 and variously compressed, and sometimes rough or tubercled ; 



* I have been able to examine the fresh fruit of only J. Callfornica and pachyp hlcea, but 

 have little doubt that that of the other two species, referred here, is of the same character. 

 A similar process seems to take place in the sap of the sugar-pine, Pinus Lambcrliana. 



