species of ox. The excavations passed through soils and clays, and at 12 

 feet below the surface of the bottom lands a bed of gravel containing de- 

 composing remains of fresh-water shells was reached. From this gravel 

 bed the tooth was obtained. 



In 1868, when in Moultrie county, Illinois, I found in alluvial banks of 

 the Kaskaskia River the skull and a part of the vertebral column of an ox 

 (probably the "Bos latifro7is"). The skull measured across between the 

 horns at their roots 12 inches, the same distance between the eyes. The 

 horns were short and thick, and slightly curved upward and forward. The 

 bones were surrounded by dark clays and debris. Trees 2 feet in diameter 

 were growing upon the bank above. 



In 1S71 I obtained a portion of a bone of a mammal, probably a horse, 

 from a well dug in the bluff clays at Pleasant Hill, 28 feet below the surface. 



VEGETABLE REMAINS IN DRIFT. 



Sticks of wood have often been found in modified drift, at 20 or more feet 

 beneath the surface. In North Missouri, sticks of wood have been found at 

 75 feet from the surface, part of a grape vine at 40 feet. In Illinois, a piece 

 of cedar at over 100 feet beneath the surface. In Nevada, Missouri, a walnut 

 log 2 feet thick was dug up from 16 feet depth ; and four miles north, charred 

 wood and bivalve shells at 19 feet below the surface. 



BOULDERS. 



Boulders and pebbles of igneous rock are rarely met with south of the Mis- 

 souri River. Very large boulders and many rounded pebbles of granite, sye- 

 nite, greenstone, quartzite. and limestone with accumulations of drift sands 

 abound in North Missouri, more especially in the northern part, becoming- 

 less frequent as we go south. I have only observed evidences of boulder 

 drift at a few localities south of the Missouri, viz : Kansas City, near Lexing- 

 ton, Berlin, and at one locality in Osage county. In Sullivan county, I 

 observed a granite boulder 25 feet in diameter. In Monroe, a greenstone 

 boulder 3 feet in diameter. Near the Missouri River it is rare to find one 

 over a foot in diameter. 



The Missouri River sands abound in small pebbles of granite, quartzite, 

 greenstone, &c. These are borne down from the head waters in the Rocky 

 Mountains. The range of granitoid boulders extends much farther south in 

 Illinois than in Missouri. 



The absence of granitoid pebbles in the accumulations along the Osage 

 and its tributaries may be sufficient evidence to place the era of these de- 

 posits in a different and probably a more recent period of time than that 

 of the modified drift of North Missouri. They may be of the same age as 

 the older bluff deposits near the Missouri River. And we may conclude 

 that the horse, ox, mammoth, and mastodon of Missouri were co-existent. 

 It is even very probable that they may have roamed America during the life 

 of the mound builders. 



