20 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. 



southern Europe. The Turks are a mixture of the white type 

 with the more northern Turanian stock. The more northern 

 streams, surviving in the Ugrian Lapps and Finns, Ma3'gars, Bul- 

 garians, the pre-Semitic occupants of Chaldea, and possibly the 

 primitive people of ancient Etruria* in Italy, would seem to have 

 been still older migrations of peoples belonging to the more an- 

 cient Turanian race and language. The oldest people known to 

 history in Mesopotamia was the brown-colored race, which is 

 traceable from Hindustan to northern Africa and southern 

 Europe. They built the oldest cities in lower Babylonia. The 

 Bible affoj-ds some glimpses of them under the name of Cush. 

 The aboriginal reddish-brown Egyptians must have belonged to 

 this brown band of color. They were not negroes; nor do they 

 exhibit a more distinctly marked negroid type than some other 

 brown varieties ; but probably some negroid affinities may be due 

 to intermixture with the black race. 



There is as yet no certain evidence of the existence of any white 

 race in Europe before the advent of peoples which may be iden- 

 tified as of the same type and stock as the later Aryan and Indo- 

 Germanic peoples. The Palagolithic men have been likened to 

 the Australians and Esquimaux in condition and mode of life ; 

 but there is nothing whatever to show of what type or color they 

 were. The same is true of the Neolithic brachycephals : their 

 skulls assimilate them to the brown race. The Neolithic skulls 

 of the race of Cromagnon approach nearer to the Caucasian 

 type, but anatomical differences distinguish them from all modern 

 men. There would seem to be nothing in what is yet known 

 of them to justify an inference that they belonged at all to the 

 same type or color as the known white race ; or, if they did, it 

 is not impossible that they may have been a wandering offshoot 

 from the same Himalayan region at that primitive period. Their 

 great antiquity and the isolation of their geographical position 

 among inferior types which show affinities with colored races, 

 would rather indicate that they were themselves a colored people, 

 than that they were the ancestors of any white people whatever, 

 and, much less, that they were the progenitors of the Aryan peo- 

 ples themselves. All facts yet known tend to demonstrate that 

 the white type moved westwardly from central high Asia. Yet 



* Etruscan Researches. By Isaac Taylor, M.A. London, 1874. 



