14 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. 



along the coasts of Hindostan and Beloochistan even to the an- 

 cient Colchis on the Black Sea, where traces of them were found 

 within the historical period. At the earliest Egyptian dates, Ne- 

 groes were known to the Egyptians as living to the southward 

 of Egypt. On the monuments of the XII. Dynasty, 2300 B.C. 

 (according to M. Topinard*). prognathous negroes with woolly 

 hair, called Nashu^ are figured, together with red, yellow, and 

 white i-aces. On all historical data, it would appear that the 

 aboriginal area of the African Negroes must have been to the 

 southward of the Great Sahara as well after as before the ocean 

 " retired from it ; that is, they properly belong, in all recent times, 

 to the South African province of Wallace. But all idea of an 

 absolute and entire separation of this province from the Austra- 

 lian, in all earlier periods, may as well be abandoned. 



In a general view, and leaving out of consideration the inter- 

 mediate gradations due to migrations and intermixtures at later 

 dates, the Negro type is found occupying, on the whole and as 

 well in geological time as in the historical pei'iod, the southern- 

 most areas of all the human populations. The brown and reddish- 

 brown types occupy, on the whole, the next more northern 

 areas, extending in the western direction by Hindostan across the 

 Indus to Southern Arabia and Northern Africa and Southern Eu- 

 rope even to the Azores, first peopled by the Guanches, and in the 

 eastern direction over the Oriental province and the Pacific isl- 

 ands, with more or less of mixture with other types, even to New 

 Zealand and the Sandwich Islands. It is evident that the yellow- 

 ish types originally occupied areas lying" still further northward 

 and more inland, though the Malays and Indo-Chinese and some 

 offshoots from the more northern Caucasian or white stock have, 

 in later times, ranged southwardly over the same islands of the 

 Pacific, overlaying or driving back the older brown and black 

 races and largely mixing with them. This was the conclusion of 

 Col. Hamilton Smith many years ago, as it is also that of more 

 recent ethnologists, and it is sustained by many evidences. The 

 Kawi languages of these brown and yellow races, extending from 

 the Malayan peninsula to Madagascar and over the Pacific islands 

 to the eastward, afford some confirmation of this general course 

 of distribution. The recent studies of Mr. Whitmee of Australia 



* Anthropology, tr. by Hartley, p. 42S. 



