HOLMES DISTRIBUTION OF THE HUMAN RACE. 9 



well as those of more temperate regions between them, were rang- 

 ing northward or southward as the conditions changed. It is 

 certain that some Pliocene species of mammalia were continued 

 into the Postpliocene of Europe without much change, while oth- 

 ers were greatly modified. That these Pakeolithic men were in 

 a stage of progress in arts and modes of life and mental capacity, 

 not above the rudest stage of stone implements, is certainly an 

 important fact; but it has no tendency to prove an identity with 

 the Esquimaux in respect of race. Later, and in the Neolithic 

 age, we have peoples that had learned the use of bone and ivory, 

 of barbed spears for catching fish, and of bone needles for sewing 

 the skins of beasts, and had acquired some skill in etching or 

 scratching figures of animals on pieces of ivory, horn, or bone. 

 Evans* finds in the Palaiolithic caves and river gravels in Eng- 

 land three stages of human workmanship, distinguishing an age 

 of roughly-chipped, another of finely-chipped, and a third of 

 polished flints, corresponding to similar divisions of the French 

 anthropologists. Geikief separated, the glacial epoch into an 

 alternation of glacial cold and interglacial warm ages, and de- 

 monstrated that the Palaeolithic men of the rough flints were as 

 old in Northern Europe as the first interglacial warm age, and 

 in all probability as old as the preglacial mammals of southern 

 types, (hippopotamus, rhinoceros, &c.), with which their migra- 

 tions were associated. This association would rather indicate a 

 southeastern origin. Evans admitted that human remains might 

 yet be found in the Pliocene or even in the Miocene. DawkinsJ 

 concludes that the extinct mammalia with which man was asso- 

 ciated in Europe were preglacial, and that man in all probability 

 migrated into Europe with them in preglacial, that is, in Pliocene 

 times. We have the authority of Prof. Whitney for the existence 

 of human remains in the Pliocene of California, and of M. Desno- 

 yers for their existence in the Pliocene chalk-pits of St. Pres in 

 France. Prof. G. Capellini of Bologna has described bones of a 

 cetacean {balcenotus) from the Pliocene of Tuscany, showing 

 deep cuts with a sharp instrument, which he believes to have 

 been the work of man, before the bones became petrified. Sharp- 



* Ancient Stone Implements, &c. By John Evans. London, 1873. 

 t Great Ice Age. By James Geikie. F.K.S. London, iS74 

 X (Save Hunting. London. 



