BROADHEAD — CARBONIF. ROCKS OF EASTEKN KANSAS. 4S5 



and another at the head of the Ivanpah branch of Fall river, both 

 of the latter being near the line of Greenwood and Butler counties. 



The eastern face of the ridge presents rugged walls of cream- 

 colored limestone, separated by shaly slopes. The ascent on the 

 east near Greenfield rises 350 feet in 4 miles, or 390 ft. in 6 miles. 

 At McDowell's Pass the rise is 419 feet in 4 miles, or 452 feet in 

 7 miles. At Spring-creek Gap the rise is 312 feet in 3 J miles, or 

 340 feet in 5J miles. At Ivanpah the rise is 334 feet in 5J miles. 



On the west the slopes are mostly gentle, with a second parallel 

 ridge about 2 miles west of the main crest, separated by a valley 

 but little below the ridge. The western ridge is also sometimes 

 a little higher that that on the east, but its descents are so easy 

 that it nowhere possesses the prominence of the eastern range. 

 The general slope westwardly towards the Walnut valley is so 

 gentle that we feel that we are still on high ground. 



East of the eastern ridge spurs extend oft' sometimes for a dis- 

 tance of ten miles, presenting bold outliers connected with the 

 lower plains by wide terraces. Among the hills a peculiar feature 

 is generally before us of rounded hills crowned and terraced with 

 regidar limestone escarpments. 



Starting from Twin Falls, in valley of Fall river, at about 1,000 

 feet elevation, we reach the second terrace, 6 miles southwest- 

 wardly, at 1,160 to 1,180 feet. This second plateau occupies a 

 large portion of the eastern part of Greenwood county and most 

 of Elk county, and includes rocks of the upper coal measures. 



At the head of Salt creek, near the line of Greenwood and Elk 

 counties, we rise from this plateau to a third terrace elevated 

 about 1,300 feet above the sea, reaching to the foot of the " Flint 

 Hills," and breaking oft' into spurs towards Howard City. This 

 terrace includes the last coal measure rocks below the Permian. 



We now proceed to the Geological details of this district. 



Leaving the Verdigris river near the mouth of Walnut creek, 

 after passing up for 60 feet, we leave the lower sandstone ; we 

 then are near the horizon of a 7-inch coal seam. Two feet above 

 the coal we find about 8 ft. of ashy drab-colored limestone every- 

 where, containing Hemipronites crassus and some other upper 

 carboniferous fossils, including Meekella striato-costata and Spi- 

 rifer ca7neratus. 



Seventy feet higher we find 9 feet of gray limestone, the inter- 

 val between the two being chiefty occupied by shaly beds, some- 



