characteristics: relation to environment 261 



remarkably and unusually similar." Here came out the ef- 

 fect of their identity of genes. 



Newman's third pair revealed certain other facts of im- 

 portance. These were two young men ("C" and "O"), 

 separated at two months of age. One had lived mainly in 

 the city while the other had lived in the country. They were 

 examined after reaching the age of 23. The results are 

 summarized by Newman as follows : 



"In native ability they seem to be nearly identical. The 

 one outstanding difference is in their general personalities. 

 *C' (who had lived in the city) impresses one as more 

 dignified, more reserved, more self-contained, more un- 

 afraid, more experienced, and less friendly. He seldom 

 smiles, has a more serious expression about the brows, eyes 

 and mouth. He stands more erectly with chin held in and 

 brows drawn down somewhat over his eyes. 'O' (the other 

 twin) is the opposite in all these respects. He is the more 

 typical country boy, laughs readily, and is not on his dignity 

 at all." Newman asserts emphatically that "the personal- 

 ities of the boys were utterly different." 



Thus through the study of these first four pairs exam- 

 ined, of identical twins that have lived apart, it became 

 clear that such twins may differ in many ways. It appeared 

 that the different environments and experiences of the in- 

 dividuals may have a large effect on mental and tempera- 

 mental characteristics. The effects were different in differ- 

 ent cases: in some cases the twins are alike in intelligence 

 but differ temperamentally; in other cases they are alike in 

 temperament and emotions, but differ in mentality. In other 

 cases the marked difference is best expressed rather vaguely 

 as a diversity in "personality." 



The general impression given by study of these first four 

 cases has been confirmed by Newman's study of six other 

 pairs of Identical twins that have lived apart. The nine 



