CHARACTERISTICS: RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT 263 



will and temperament, to distinguish the mentally quick 

 and slow, the deliberate and careful as compared with the 

 hasty and careless, the aggressive and forceful or the op- 

 posite, and the like. Another type of examination is de- 

 signed to test emotional peculiarities: likes and dislikes, 

 feelings of right and wrong, and so on. The results of such 

 tests are not readily expressible by a numerical score, such 

 as is employed for the intelligence tests. It will be worth 

 while however to attempt a tabulation in general terms of 

 the results of the tests in the three categories for the 10 

 cases of identical twins that have lived apart. The first 

 case (M) is that of Muller; the others are the nine cases 

 of Newman: 



Intelligence Will-Tempera- Emotions 



ment • 



M Closely alike Very different Different 



N I Very diverse Alike Alike 



II Very diverse Closely alike Closely alike 



III Closely alike Closely alike Very different 



IV Extremely diverse Very different Rather alike 

 V Closely alike Closely alike Closely alike 



VI Rather alike Rather alike Rather alike 



VII Closely alike Somewhat dif- Somewhat differ- 



ferent ent 



VIII Very different Considerably Somewhat differ- 



different ent 



IX Much alike Closely alike Considerably dif- 



ferent 



Thus the general picture is that identical twins that have 

 lived apart show many different combinations of likeness 

 and unlikeness with respect to intelligence, temperament 

 and emotional characteristics. There are cases in which the 

 two are closely alike in all three categories (V and VI), 

 cases in which the twins are distinctly diverse in all three 



