TRAVELS AND TRADITIONS OF WATERFOWL 



122-127. See also Breeding 



behavior. 

 Restocking, 222, 234-236 

 Retentiveness, 46-54, 156, 162, 



205 

 Retina, 33-37 

 Reverse migration: spring, 132- 



133; fall, 112-113 

 Richardson's Goose, 116, 119, 



120, 138 

 Ringed Plover, 43 

 Ring-necked Duck, 112, 122, 



147, 230, 239, 248 

 Rivers, as migratory route, 101- 



102 

 Robbing of milk bottles, 222 

 Robin, 132, 164, 171, 233, 237 

 Robin, European, 79 

 Rook, 99 



Rough-legged Hawk, 119, 129 

 Ruddy Duck, 93, 122, 248 



St. Jean Baptiste, Manitoba, 122 

 Salmon, Chum, 69, 209 

 San Francisco Bay, 222, 242 

 Sandhill Crane, 119, 240, 246 

 Saskatchewan, 124, 129, 166, 



175, 228, 229, 250-251 

 Saskatchewan River, 155 

 Scaup, Greater, 167, 219 

 Scaup, Lesser, 8, 10, 26, 61, 

 248; migration, 90, 95, 102, 

 104, 107-109, 122, 165-167 

 Scoter, White-winged, 23, 121, 



122 

 Semicircular canal, 62 

 Sense: of time, 81; of direction, 



192; sixth, 192 

 Sex, as determinant in differen- 

 tial migration, 92, 107-109, 

 139-144 

 Sexual cycle, 107-108, 122-127 

 Sharp-shinned Hawk, 138 

 Sharp-tailed Grouse, 224 

 Shearwater, Manx, 198, 199 

 Sheld-duck, Common, 142 

 Shooting season. See Hunting. 

 Shoveller, 92, 108, 109, 119, 

 122, 140, 145, 177, 189, 229, 

 239, 248 

 Shrike, Red-backed, 190 

 Siberia, drift of North Ameri- 

 can birds to, 208, 213 

 Signals, 24-28 

 Siskin, Pine, 233 

 Slate-colored Junco, 123 

 Snipe, Wilson, 62, 66 

 Snow, migration during, 106 

 Snow Bunting, 174 



300 



Snowy Egret, 248 



Social inheritance. See Tradi- 

 tion. 



Social releasers, 22-27, 42-45 



Solar cue to time, 75, 160 



Song, traditional aspects of, 

 223-224, 242 



Song Sparrow. See Sparrow, 

 Song. 



Sooty Tern, 198 



Sound spectrograph, 224 



South Dakota, 102, 248, 249- 

 251 



Sparrow, English, 62, 65, 66, 

 67, 69, 70, 71, 228 



Sparrow, Song, 119, 198, 222, 

 223, 224, 233, 237, 238, 242 



Sparrow, Tree, 132, 133 



Sparrow, Vesper, 232 



Sparrow Hawk, 119 



Speed of migration, 103, 116, 

 118, 177. See also Relativity 

 of motion. 



Spicer Marsh, N.Y., 235 



Spiral instability, 63 



Spring migration, 3-8, 52, 114- 

 134, 135-136, 148, 164-165, 

 167, 170-176, 185, 189-190, 

 198, 200, 205, 211, 229-236, 

 238: arrival, 3-4, 81, 116, 

 121, 122, 128; departure, 5, 

 114-116, 175, 176; flock size, 

 115-116; standard direction 

 of, 116-117, 128-130; weath- 

 er during, 118-120, 127, 131- 

 133, 136, 164-165, 171-176; 

 goal of, 126; sexual nature of, 

 124-127, 205 



Standard direction, 96-100, 110, 

 116-117, 128-130 



Starling, 77, 159, 161, 167, 196, 

 197, 206, 228 



Stubble flight, 7, 8, 10, 18, 39, 

 54, 75-78, 82, 195, 222 



Subspecies, 237-242; definition, 

 237 



Sun: as cue to time, 74-77; as 

 compass, 84, 156-160, 196- 

 197, 212; as cue to longitude 

 and latitude, 159-162, 192, 

 198-204 

 Susquehanna River, 148, 218, 



219 

 Swallow, Barn, 62, 66, 136, 



241 

 Swallow, Cliff, 225, 227, 228, 



232 

 Swallow, European, 198, 200 

 Swallow, Tree, 143, 190 



Swan, Trumpeter, 236, 244- 



246 

 Swan, Whistling, 3, 22, 31, 53, 



100, 116, 119, 120, 122, 167, 



253 

 Swan Lake, Minn., 244 

 Swift, Alpine, 198 

 Syria, 246 



Tameness in wild ducks, 224, 

 236 



Teal, Blue-winged, 22, 24-25, 

 46, 59, 62, 67, 69, 248, 255; 

 migration of, 89, 92, 104, 

 107-113, 122, 137, 140, 145, 

 169 



Teal, Cinnamon, 248 



Teal, Green-winged, 23, 33, 62, 

 66, 109, 122, 140, 248 



Temperature, 107, 137. See also 

 Weather. 



Tern, Arctic, 208 



Tern, Noddy, 198 



Tern, Sooty, 198 



Territory, 40-41, 85, 126, 140 



The Pas, Manitoba, 155, 157 



Time: awareness of, 73-82, 86, 

 159-161; relativity of, 86, 

 151-156 



Tit, Great, 222 



Tolling, 27 



Tradition, 111, 137, 206, 207, 

 217-258: of food habits, 222; 

 and song, 223-224, 242; de- 

 livery of, 226, 238; pioneer- 

 ing, 227-236; and subspecies, 

 237-242 



Trumpeter Swan, 236, 244-246 



Upland Plover, 234, 247-248 

 Urgency of spring migration, 



124 

 Utah, 139, 168, 248, 257 



Vagrancy, winter, 112, 147-148. 

 See also Wandering. 



Vagrants, 233 



Valence, 39-45, 205 



Vesper Sparrow, 232 



Vision, 29-45; binocular, 30; 

 breadth of, 30, 150; monocu- 

 lar fixation, 31-33; acuity, 

 34-36, 150; night, 35; color, 

 36 



Vocabulary, 22-24 



Wagtail, Yellow, 222 

 Waking light, 69 

 Wandering: of young, 94, 112, 

 144_147, 207-213; of adults, 



