17^1 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction i 



Dermal scales 4 



Bone 5 



Cartilage .• 6 



Cartilage bone 7 



Membrane bone 7 



Skeleton 9 



Exoskeleton 9 



Endoskeleton 1 7 



Axial skeleton 1 7 



Vertebral column i8 



Ribs 23 



Vertebrae and ribs 25 



Cyclostomata 27 



Pisces 27 



Tetrapoda 36 



Amphibia 3^ 



Amniota 4i 



Reptilia 42 



Aves 46 



Mammalia 48 



Sternum 5i 



Skull 57 



Chondrocranium 59 



Cartilaginous visceral skeleton 64 



Ossification of skull 68 



Skull in separate classes 7^ 



Cyclostomata 7^ 



Elasmobranchii ^i 



Ostracoderma 9° 



Teleostomi 9^ 



Ganoidea -^ 9^ 



Teleostei io5 



Dipnoi 115 



Tetrapoda 118 



Amphibia HQ 



_ Amniota i34 



Sauropsida ^2)^ 



Reptilia 136 



Aves 169 



Mammalia 181 



Appendicular Skeleton 220 



Median appendages 222 



vii 



