142 Franz J. Kallmann 



gene-specific traits manifested before senescence, but suscept- 

 ible to its overstraining effect; or from specific metabolic 

 dysfunctions peculiar to the senium ; or from graded differences 

 in general health and survival values. Much additional re- 

 search is needed in all three categories. 



Since genetic phenomena are the cause of many individual 

 differences in the degree of ageing, it is inadvisable to approach 

 geriatric problems with the preconceived notion that the 

 adjustive difficulties of the aged are more or less the same for 

 all persons and thus conducive to management by stereo- 

 typed methods. 



Biological factors advantageous to adjustment to ageing 

 include healthy and longevous parents, the efficacious use of 

 genetic potentialities for physical and mental health through- 

 out life, and the establishment of adequate emotional adjust- 

 ment before senescence. 



REFERENCES 



Adlersberg, D., Parets, A. D., and Boas, E. P. (1949). J. Amer. med. 



Ass., 141, 246. 

 Alexander, F. (1956). Amer. J. Psychiat., 112, 692. 

 Bogomolets, A. A. (1938). Proc. Conf. on the Source of Senility and the 



Prophylaxis of premature Ageing. Acad. Sci., Kiev. 

 Buchwald, N. A. (1957). Proc. IX Annu. Meet. Amer. Soc. hum. Genet., 



in press. 

 Cresseri, A. (1948). Boll. Soc. ital. Biol, sper., 24, 200. 

 Dublin, L., Lotka, A., and Spiegelman, M. (1953). Length of Life. 



New York : Ronald. 

 Essen-Moller, E. (1946). Acta psychiat., Kbh., 21, 233. 

 Friedman, M., Rosenman, R. H., and Byers, S. O. (1955). J. Geront., 



10, 60. 

 Gakkel, L. B., and Zinina, N. V. (1953). Sechenov J. Physiol., 39, 533. 

 Gianferrari, L. (1954). In Genetica Medica, ed. L. Gedda. Rome: 



Gregorio Mendel Institute. 

 Glass, B. (1955). Nat. Acad. Sci. Publ., 338, 7. 

 Jacob, H., Pyrkosch, W., and Strube, H. (1950). Arch. Psychiat. 



Nervenkr., 184, 653. 

 Jalavisto, E. (1951). Ann. Med. intern. Fenn., 40, 263. 

 Kallmann, F. J. (1952). J. Hered., 43, 89. 

 Kallmann, F. J. (1953). Heredity in Health and Mental Disorder. 



New York : Norton. 

 Kallmann, F. J. (1956a). In Mental Disorders in Later Life, ed. O. J. 



Kaplan. Stanford : Stanford University Press. 



