MILAN 



Critical temperature. Scholander et al. (1957) determined the 

 "critical temperature," i. e. the lowesttemperature at which a rest- 

 ing metabolic rate maintained a constant body temperature, in nine 

 male migratory Lapps from Kautokeino and three male Norwegian 

 controls. The nude subjects bicycle on an ergometer wheel in a 

 temperature regulated room. Rectal temperatures and oxygen con- 

 sumption were monitored. The intersect of resting values of oxygen 

 consumption and values in the cold occurred at approximately 27 C, 

 and this was taken as the critical temperature. The subjects per- 

 ceived a fall inrectaltemperature as smallas 0.2 C. Critical tem- 

 peratures were the same in both groups. 



By measuring skin temperature under the clothing of Lapps out- 

 of-doors, it was determined that they live within a warm micro- 

 climate. 



Response to whole body cooling. Lange Andersen et al. (1960) 

 measured skin and rectal temperatures and metabolism in 14 male 

 Lapps from Kautokeino and five male Norwegian controls during 8 

 hour exposure to C while sleeping nude with about 1 clo insula- 

 tion. The Lappish subjects consisted of five settled villagers and nine 

 reindeer nomads. During the cold exposure, most of the reindeer 

 nomads slept well with no obvious shivering. The controls slept 

 poorly and suffered from surface cooling, especially in the legs and 

 feet. The nomads and controls had similar skin temperatures, but 

 the nomads lost more heat from the body core because of a lower 

 metabolic heat production. The Lapp villagers were intermediate 

 between the controls and nomads in their responses. 



Response to extremity cooling. Krog et al. (I960) measured 

 hand blood flow in a venous occlusion plethysmograph at various 

 temperatures and hand heat loss and finger temperatures in C 

 stirred ice water. The subjects were 13 male Kautokeino Lapps, 

 10-12 Lofoten Island fishermen, 6-11 Gothenburg medical students, 

 and 4 authors. Maximum hand blood flow at 40 C was similar in 

 all subjects. Hand blood flow at 10 C and 20 C was the same in 



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