HUMAN FACIAL RESPONSES 



temperatures during sleep in the fall (Irving et al., 1960) and the 

 spring (Eisner et al., 1960). 



Indians, even when in negative heatbalance, have warmer hands 

 in cold water than Caucasian controls (Eisner et al.,1960) and 

 warmer fingers in ice water (Meehan, 19 55). 



Physically the Indians are lean (Irving et al., 1960) and occupy 

 an intermediate position between young sedentary Norwegians and 

 Norwegian Olympic athletes in their fitness for work (Anderson et 

 al., 1960). 



The Lapps 



Lappland, which has no political existence, consists of the for- 

 ested highlands of northern Sweden, tundra- cove red areas of north- 

 ern Finland, Norway's coastalprovinceofTroms and Finnmark, and 

 much of the Russian Kola Peninsula. The Lapps presently number 

 about 35,000. They have national allegiance to the country where they 

 are domiciled and share this country, with a larger population of 

 Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, and Russians with whom they have been 

 interbreeding for centuries. Historical accounts seem to indicate that 

 the Lapps were originally hunters who in about 1500 A. D. became 

 reindeer domesticators , having learned this art from the Samoyedie 

 peoples to the east. According to a number of blood surveys, the 

 Lapps have apparently reached their present genetical constitution 

 through long isolation as a relatively small population. Norwegian 

 Lapps have in recent centuries received a larger genetical contri- 

 bution from the outside than have the Swedish Lapps. 



Russian Lappland, Finnish Lappland, and the part of Swedish 

 Lappland situated above the Arctic Circle en joy aboutthe same tem- 

 peratures as the southern half of the Labrador peninsula because of 

 the amelioratingeffectofthewarm water of the Gulf Stream upon the 

 climate (Milan, 1960, from published sources). 



The information on the physiology of the Lapps is restricted to 

 that obtained from studies of reindeer nomads and villagers from 

 Kautokeino in northern Norway. 



345 



