HUMAN FACIAL BESPONSES 



weight loss, the Eskimos' sweat rate was twice as great during 

 the 3 hour walk at -23 G. The elevated metabolism of the Eskimo 

 required that they increase total body heat loss to maintain thermal 

 equilibrium, and the sweating mechanism accounted for the dissipa- 

 tion of 91% of the excess heat. Respiratory heat loss (Eskimo 5.1 

 Cal/m /hr; White 3.4 Gal/m /hr) was constantly greater in the 

 Eskimos because of a higher minute volume. 



Kawahata et al. (1961) counted active sweat glands during maxi- 

 mal sweating at an ambient temperature of about 41 G in Gauca- 

 sians, Negroes, and eightfemale and two male Eskimos of Anaktuvuk 

 Pass, Alaska. The rank order in total number of sweat glands be- 

 ginning with the lowest number was Caucasian females, Caucasian 

 males, Eskimo females, Negro males, Eskimo males. The rank 

 order in number of sweat glands per cm of body surface area was 

 Caucasian females, Eskimo females, Caucasian males, Eskimo 

 males, Negro males. 



Response to whole body cooling. Adams et al. (1958) exposed 6 

 Anaktuvuk Eskimo males, seven American Negroes and seven 

 Caucasian soldier controls nude for 120 minutes to an air tempera- 

 ture of 17 C. The Eskimos had a higher metabolic rate in the con- 

 trol period (Eskimo 50, White 40, Negro 38 Gal/m /hr). The average 

 rise in metabolism due to shiveringwas similar in the Eskimos and 

 soldier controls (22 Cal/m /hr). The Eskimo group had higher core 

 and shell temperatures during cooling and shivered, as did white 

 controls, when the average skin temperature reached 29.5 C. 



Tissue conductance. Covino (1960, 1961) studied thermal regula- 

 tion in five Pt. Barrow Eskimos and five controls (including one 



o o 



American Negro) immersed in a bath calorimeter at 35 C and 33 



C. The Eskimos produced more heat and lost more body heat dur- 

 ing the immersion periods and their rectal temperatures fell to 

 lower levels. There was no difference in digital blood flow. The 

 greater tissue conductance was related to the significantly smaller 

 percentage of body fat in these Eskimos. 



341 



