F205W4 — Female. At 66 and 115 days reactions were 

 normal but at 163 days there was a slight loss of 

 weight. Died at 166 days. Questionable vis- 

 ceral lymphomatosis. 



F205X4^MaIe. Showed gasping at 163 days. Died 

 at 339 days. Extreme emaciation and atrophy 

 of the musculature. 



F205Y4— Male. At 115 and 163 days bird showed 

 vigorous reactions. Died at 518 days. Bird 

 appeared to be in good condition. Cause of 

 death undetermined (figs. 113-115 and 134). 



F205Z4 — Female. At 163 days reactions fair. At 

 253 days ill and put in a separate cage. Died at 

 292 days. Emaciation and impaction of crop 

 (fig. 133). 



F205A5 — Female. At 110 days showed poor reac- 

 tions and at 151 days ill and put in separate cage. 

 In moribund condition and killed at 157 days. 

 Neural and questionable visceral lymphomatosis. 



F205B5— Male. At 163 days reaction fair. Died at 

 658 days. Cause of death undetermined. 



F205C5— Female. Moribund at 75 days. Killed at 

 77 days. Lymphomatosis, neural. 



F205D5 — Male. At 115 days reaction was fair. Un- 

 steady on feet at 155 days and moribund at 

 165 days. Killed. Lymphomatosis, neural and 

 ocular. 



F205E5 — Female. At 65 days reactions were fair. 

 At 126 days atonicity of crop. Moribund at 

 151 days and killed. Emaciation and dehydra- 

 tion (figs. 93, 116, 130, 132, and 142). 



Various conditions were shown by the nine 

 birds, both clinically and at necropsy, and all 

 died before they were 2 years of age. At the 

 time the smears were made the birds seemed to 

 be reasonably healthy but in their subsequent 

 history their performance was poor; thus it would 

 seem inadvisable to represent some of these as 

 normal cells from normal birds. It certainly 

 should be determined, however, whether cellular 

 reactions of this type have any value in under- 

 standing the causes of death in birds that die from 

 tumors or in a generally unhealthy condition. 



Another type of abnormal cellular reaction 

 was found in the slides that showed, in the nuclei 

 of erthyrocytes, chromophobic bands that usually 

 had a uniform width. In lymphocytes these 

 spaces were quite irregular (figs. 117-120). 

 The clefts in figure 117 are irregular; yet, as in 

 the erythrocytes, there is no actual break in the 

 cell membrane but rather a sharply demarked 

 transition from a densely stained area to one that 

 did not take the stain; in the latter, a very faint 

 reticulum can be seen. The lack of staining can 

 aftect small lymphocytes with lobes (fig. 118) as 

 well as larger cells (figs. 119 and 120). What- 

 ever the reaction may be, it can cause complete 



disappearance of basichromatin. Figures 117— 

 120 show a transitional series leading to an 

 "empty" nucleus. 



The cytoplasm of erythrocytes was not affected 

 when the nuclei showed chromophobic bands; 

 about the only difference noted in lymphocytes 

 was a somewhat more vacuolar organization than 

 is generally found in lymphocytes. The possi- 

 bility diat these nonstaining effects are due to 

 teclmic is not excluded but for the present it seems 

 more likely that they represent some abnormal 

 disturbance of the cell. If technic produces the 

 defect, we have the question of how it alone could 

 cause the chromatin to disappear and yet leave 

 so sharp a boundary with the basichromatin that 

 remains. If the defect truly represents cell pa- 

 thology, tracing it back to the disease condition 

 that is producing it should be relatively simple. 



MONOCYTES 



Normal mature monocytes (figs. 125—138) 



The monocyte cytoplasm has been described in 

 the literature as having the appearance of glass 

 beads, and this effect is given as an important 

 characteristic for separating monoc^ies from 

 lymphocytes. This cytoplasmic quality prob- 

 ably does aid in the identification of these cells 

 but actually it is of little value as a sole point of 

 reference. The necessity of using multiple 

 characteristics has already been emphasized. 

 Owing to the overlapping of characteristics of 

 lymphocytes and monocytes, it is necessary to 

 consider each of their 10 points of difference. 

 These will be taken up in the same order as they 

 were for lymphocytes. 



Cell size. — The ranges in size of lymphocytes 

 and monocytes overlap as already seen in tlie 

 comparisons from outline drawings and graphs. 

 It is obvious that on the average the monocyte is 

 larger than the lymphocyte; in fact, the average 

 area of the whole lymphocyte is slightly smaller 

 than the average area of the monocyte nucleus. 



The maximum, minimum, and average values 

 in table 4 are based on 300 planimeter measure- 

 ments of cells projected and traced with a camera 

 lucida. Half of these were from our Labora- 

 tory chickens and half from two different breeds 

 from a commercial laboratory. The possibility 



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