at which time it had a wryneck but no lesions of 

 lymphomatosis or other diseases to account for 

 the condition. The cell represented in figure 93 

 has several broad lobes widi restricted bases, as 

 if the cell had been taken just at the moment the 

 cytoplasm was jjeing pinched off. The smear 

 was taken when the pullet was 113 days old, and 

 when killed at 151 days she showed severe gasp- 

 ing and emaciation. At gross necropsy there 

 was atonicity of the crop and a slightly irregular 

 pupil, suggestive of ocular lymphomatosis. In 

 figure 92 the lobes are numerous. At their tips 

 are basophilic granules that in size and shape 

 look as if they were intracellular organisms, but 

 tliis is incorrect; instead, they are some of the 

 basophilic masses that are commonly found 

 throughout the cytoplasm of most lymphocytes 

 (figs. 90 and 96-98). The smear from which 

 figure 92 was made was taken from a hen at 113 

 days. At 288 days she showed a prolapsed 

 uterus from which an unexpelled egg was re- 

 moved. She recovered and then was killed at 

 312 days because of lack of holding space. The 

 bird was still in production and apparently 

 normal. 



When the lobes are discharged into the plasma 

 of the blood, there remain cells that look like 

 figure 102, in which there is barely enough cyto- 

 plasm around the nucleus to exclude it from be- 

 ing a naked nucleus. This cell came from a 

 smear taken at 108 days. Wlien the hen was 

 killed at 668 days she was a strong vigorous jjird. 

 At gross necropsy some urates in the kidney and 

 white spots in the air sacs were found. 



The evidence furnished by these few examples 

 is certainly not sufficient to permit us to draw any 

 generalizations concerning the association of 

 blebs and the health of the bird. No extensive 

 quantitative study has ever been made along 

 these lines; yet, obviously, this should he done 

 and it might lead to some interesting and impor- 

 tant information concerning the actual health of 

 birds that seem normal. In any studv of this 

 sort it would ])e necessary to take blood samples 

 at closely spaced intervals in order to catch the 

 rise and fall of blejj formation. The discharge 

 of jjlebs proljably occurs cjuickly. 



Johnson and Conner (1933) sought to asso- 

 ciate budding in lymphocytes with manifestations 

 ot the avian leukosis complex. They state: 



"In 14 birds of the 31 studied with symptoms 

 of paralysis of the limbs but no gross lesions no- 



ticed on autopsy, budding of lymphocytes oc- 

 curred. In 10 of the 14 studied with symptoms 

 of paralysis of the limbs and lymphatic hyper- 

 plasia of visceral organs, budding of lympho- 

 cytes was marked. In only diree of the 15 para- 

 lyzed birds with tumors found on autopsy was 

 budding of lymphocytes noted. Three of the 

 12 liirds with iritis or gray eyes also had numer- 

 ous lymphocytes." 



For comparison, a study of budding phenom- 

 enon in normal birds and in birds with various 

 types of diseased conditions is needed. 



Frank and Dougherty (1953) were able to pro- 

 duce budding in lymphocytes of man in vitro by 

 treatment of the buft'y coat with cortisone and hy- 

 drocortisone. The mean percentage of lympho- 

 cytes showing budding in normal controls was 

 1.2 ±4 percent, and for those treated with hydro- 

 cortisone it was 11. 63 ±1.25 percent. 



The outline drawings in figure 150 have al- 

 ready been mentioned. In some it appears that 

 lymphocytes are capalile of locomotion by throw- 

 ing out broad pseudopodia, and many of the cells 

 look as if they had been caught during amoeboid 

 movement. Others, however, have small pro- 

 trusions more or less equally distributed around 

 the cell. These are proliably blebs of proto- 

 plasm pincliing off. Many others, with almost 

 no cytoplasm left, look as if they had already lost 

 the blebs. 



Nuclear position. — The nucleus lies at one side 

 of the cell (figs. 91, 94, 99, 101, and some of the 

 cells in fig. 150) almost as often as it does at 

 the center (figs. 90 and 104). Sometimes the 

 amount of cytoplasm is so small that the nucleus 

 can only be in the center (figs. 92, 102, and 150 

 D, c and F, b and e). 



Niicleocytosomal ratio. — Nucleocytosomal ra- 

 tio is influenced not only by the pinching off of 

 lobes, which is a regressive type of change, but 

 also by a change in character of the cytoplasm in 

 which it takes on a hyaline appearance and flows 

 out like a thin fluid in all directions (fig. 100). 

 This was found quite frequently in chicks alwut 

 5 weeks old. The cytoplasm was pale and as 

 seen in the microscope gave an impression of 

 fluidity without adequate framework. These 

 lol^es are different from the type where the cyto- 

 plasm is pinched off. Often it spreads out be- 

 tween the ])onndaries of nearby cells, and it was 



51 



