be separated. It should be noted that the largest 

 class for both of these cell types is II. In some 

 counts on a Canada goose the index for the eosino- 

 phils was considerably greater than for the 

 heterophils (table 24). 



Since but few had previouely used nuclear lobe 

 indices of this sort on birds, it was considered 

 desirable to make a sample count to determine 

 the index variability and to find any possible sug- 

 gestion of a relationship to livaljility or to infec- 

 tion with the agent of lymphomatosis (table 7). 

 Of the 13 cases that showed values above the 

 mean of 2.44 (a shift to the right) there were 2, 

 or 15 percent, that were grossly diagnosed as lym- 

 phomatosis and 12 of 17 cases, or 70 percent, 

 witii index value below the mean (a shift to the 

 left) were diagnosed as lymphomatosis. A cor- 

 relation was run between age at death and index 

 value. It resuhed in an /• value of +0.423, sig- 

 nificant between the 2- and 1-percent level. One 

 test made on another group of birds did not give 

 the same results. Obviously this type of test 

 should be repeated and carried out on a much 

 larger scale. 



Table 6. — Arnelh counts on granulocytes of 

 chickens 



Table 7. — ^The heterophil Arneth index 



[Count taken for each bird at 70 days of age.] 



Cells 



Heterophils 

 Eosinophils 

 ISasophils. . 



Index 



2.44 

 1.97 

 1.01 



In an Arneth count, the classes are arranged 

 so that the first lies to the left and the fifth to the 

 right, and thus, in relation to the average or in- 

 dex value, the youngest cells are to the left and 

 the oldest to the right. The shifting of the index 

 either to the right or to the left has significance 

 in the evaluation of the extent of morbidity of 

 the individual. 



Arneth subdivided each class several times, 

 which added cytologic criteria to the classifica- 

 tion based on lobe number. Schilling (1929) 



LV, LN, L0 = Visceral, neural, and ocular lymphomatosis. 



criticized the basic principles of an Arneth count 

 and index as follows (p. 148) : 



'"While Arneth's theory takes into account only 

 a juvenile shift to the left, we distinguish two 

 classes, (a) regenerative shift, (b) degenerative 

 shift." 



Many others have prepared systems of classi- 

 fying heterophils and other granulocytes. Their 

 contributions have lieen reviewed by Richter 

 (19.38) and by Sugiyama (1938). The latter 

 author has presented a table of nuclear types for 

 representative fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds, and 

 mannnals. For the heterophils of the domestic 

 fowl, he gave class I, 12.0 percent; class II, 62.0 

 percent; class III, 22.5 percent; class IV, 2.3 per- 

 cent. These values calculate to an index of 2.17. 



Examination of table 7 raises the cjuestion of 

 whetlier the mean value of 2.44 is a normal one 

 for birds. When the smears were taken at 70 

 days of age, all the chickens were seemingly nor- 



85 



