1 8 Mammals of Eastern Asia 
climates in the northern parts are controlled by temperature, 
which is mainly related to latitude and is little influenced by 
rainfall ; those climates at the southern parts, including part of 
Japan, are governed chiefly by the amount of rainfall modified 
by the direction and humidity of prevailing winds, while com- 
paratively slight changes of average daily temperature occur 
during the year. The climates of the intervening areas, com- 
pounded from all of these factors, show moderate annual fluc- 
tuations of temperature together with varyingly developed wet 
and dry seasons. 
Such generalizations as the above are profoundly modified 
by such local influences as the presence and orientation of moun- 
tain ranges, or the nearness to large bodies of water. The inter- 
play of these and other factors in varying intensities produces 
the annual climate of any given area. 
Hopei, eastern Manchuria, the Maritime Provinces of Si- 
beria, and Kamtschatka experience winter temperatures as low 
as 25° below zero, with an annual rainfall of from 25 to 40 
inches. Only June, July, and August are free from frost. In 
western Manchuria and the interior of the Okhotsk area the 
rainfall is less — only 10 to 20 inches. 
Around Peking, in the Province of Hopei, extreme tempera- 
tures ranging from zero to 100° are experienced. The slight 
rainfall, 20 inches, comes mostly during the summer months. 
The nearby Shantung Hills of the Shantung Peninsula receive 
30 inches of rain and likewise have extremely cold winters. The 
Khingan Mountains receive 50 to 60 inches of rain. 
South of Ch'in-ling Range and in the lower part of the Yang- 
tse valley the climatic picture changes. The rainfall, averaging 
45 inches annually, occurs mostly in June. Summer temperatures 
reach nearly 100°, and winters are mild, with some 12° of frost, 
and of short duration. 
The coastal region of Fukien, Chekiang, and eastern Kwang- 
tung varies in temperature from 95° in the summer to 50° in 
