Descriptions of East Asiatic Mammals 213 
understandable when the close general resemblance of all the 
Squirrels to one another is considered. As used in this book, 
however, Sciarus is restricted to the tufted-eared S. vulgaris 
of the Old World temperate zone. 
Sciurus vulgaris, originally described from Upsala, Sweden, 
by the zoologist Linnaeus, is a red Squirrel, with the underparts 
whitish. A chiefly southern color phase is essentially dark brown 
instead of red. The ears, especially in winter, have tufts of hair 
colored like the body. The red tail may be somewhat grizzled. 
Females have 4 pairs of nipples. The length of the head and 
body is about 8% inches, of the tail about 7 inches, of the foot 
2% inches. 
Many races of this Squirrel are known both in Europe and in 
Asia, where they tend to be darker than the European form. 
In the extreme east of Asia the following races are known: 
S. v. mantchuricus from Manchuria, S. v. orientis from 
Korea and Yezo, ^S\ v. chiliensis from seventy-five miles 
northeast of Pekin, S. v. lis from Japan; ^. v. rupestris 
from the lands bordering the Sea of Okhotsk, from Sak- 
halin and adjoining continental areas; still farther north 5*. v. 
jacutensis reaches the north coast of the Okhotsk Sea from inner 
Siberia and continues east to Kamchatka. It is shown by 
Ognev as present on most of that peninsula, and a special off- 
shoot, anadyrensis, is marked as occupying far eastern Siberia 
between long. E. 170° and 180° and just outside the Arctic 
Circle. Bergman has indicated that the arrival of this Squirrel 
in Kamchatka is a recent event. The color of the Chihli Tufted- 
eared Squirrel is dark gray in the winter, mixed red and blackish 
in summer. The Manchurian race is depicted by Ognev with a 
lateral band of bright tawny separating the smoky gray dorsal 
color from the white of the underparts. 
Of the color variability of *S\ vulgaris, Serebrennikov asserts 
that the darker the forest (the more cedar and fir), the damper 
the climate, and the greater the elevation of the land, the darker 
are the Squirrels ; and conversely, in light, open pine forests the 
