Descriptions of East Asiatic Mammals 159 
producing glandular pit in front of the central pad of the hind 
foot. Foxes are usually solitary in habit. 
Red Foxes are graceful animals, with rather large ears and 
long heavily furred tails. Although this genus, like the Arctic 
Fox, encircles the globe, it extends less far northward and for a 
much greater distance to the south. The typical species, Vulpes 
vulpes of Europe, is subject to considerable color variation. 
Several geographical races occur, of which three are found in 
eastern Asia. Vulpes v. thule of south China is somewhat grayer 
than the European Fox and its feet are not so black. It is found 
in Fukien, Chekiang, Szechwan, Yunnan, and Hunan. Vulpes 
V. tschiliensis of North China, found in Hopei, Shensi, Shansi, 
and Kansu, is but little different from that of south China. 
The ears are brown instead of black. Vulpes v. beringiana, the 
Siberian Red Fox, occurs in the Kolyma and Anadyr Valleys, 
in Kamchatka, and widely through eastern Siberia. These 
northern Foxes are considerably larger than the European race 
and have larger teeth. The length of the head and body is about 
27 inches, that of the tail 17 inches. The length of the hind foot 
is about Sy 2 inches. This last is a brightly colored form, gen- 
erally orange-red, darker along the back, and slightly varied 
with gray on the head and hips. In Anadyr River specimens the 
sides of the nose are blackish and the upper lip is edged with 
white. The variety known as the Cross Fox occurs also in this 
northern race. 
The Wolves and Jackals, genus Cams, have the forehead 
somewhat swollen and elevated in comparison with the Foxes. 
The tail is usually rather short and lacks the very heavy cover- 
ing of hair seen in Foxes. The members of the genus Cards tend 
to be more gregarious than the Foxes and often hunt in 
packs. 
There are two oriental species, Cards lupus, the Wolves 
(equivalent to American Timber Wolves), and Cards aureus, 
the Jackals. The smallest adult Wolves measure scarcely less 
than a yard in minimum length ; the largest Jackals rarely exceed 
