318 Mammals of Eastern Asia 
the Antelopes, Goat-antelopes, or Goats and Sheep. The horns, 
present in both sexes, if spirally twisted, are so arranged that 
the right horn forms a right-handed spiral, and are relatively 
smooth. The tail is long, with a tuft of hair at the tip. There are 
neither face glands, foot glands, suborbital glands, nor inguinal 
glands. The number of nipples is 4. One or 2 calves are 
born. 
Three oriental genera belong in this subfamily: Bibos, con- 
taining the Gaur, the Banting, and the Kouprey ; Poephagus, the 
Yak; and Bubalus, the Indian or Water Buffalo. In the first 
two genera the horns are nearly circular in section ; in the third, 
more or less triangular. The Yaks differ from Bibos not only 
by their long shaggy hair but in having fourteen instead of 
thirteen dorsal vertebrae (the vertebrae of the backbone). The 
Wild Yak of Tibet, Poephagus grnnniens, does not properly 
come within the range of this work. The Water Buffalo, Bubalus 
bubalis, though occasionally found in the feral state, can be re- 
garded as a domestic animal. It can be recognized at once by the 
wide sweep of its flat-faced, triangular horns. It likes swampy 
areas. 
The Gaur, Bibos ganrus, the largest of the three oriental 
species of this subfamily, may reach a height at the shoulders 
of from 6 feet to 6 feet 4 inches. The cows are smaller. Old bulls 
are distinguished from those of the Banting and the Kouprey 
by lack of a horny mass connecting the bases of the two horns. 
The body is deep and massively built. The limbs appear propor- 
tionately short. The ears are large and, compared with those of 
the Banting, are broad. There is a high ridge along the back, 
ending in a sudden step down between the withers and the tail. 
The dewlap is little developed in the typical race. The color of 
old bulls is deep brown tending to blackish above, with the upper- 
part of the forehead and the nape buffy gray or whitish. The 
legs are white from the knees and hocks downward. The eyes 
are generally blue. Cow Gaur tend to be reddish rather than 
