Descriptions of East Asiatic Mammals 341 
coast and off-shore islands of Asia, from Formosa to Manchuria 
and Japan. The distribution in China is spotty. The Sika may 
be considered as composed of several races belonging to a single 
species, Cervus nippon. 
The South China Sika, Cervus n. kopschi, is the race most 
likely to be seen on the south Asiatic mainland. The color is 
rich yellow-brown, with fairly distinct small white spots at all 
seasons; a dark stripe extends along the back to the tail. The 
belly and the insides of the forelegs are brownish white, and a 
brown line passes along the middle of the chest. The tail is 
white with a narrow black stripe on top. The head, the neck, 
and the backs of the ears are brown. The length from the muz- 
zle to the root of the tail is about 4 feet, of the tail 8 inches. 
The height at the shoulder is about 3 feet. 
The Formosan Sika, C. n. taiouanus, is substantially like 
the mainland form. 
The North China Sika, C. n. mandarinus, occurs in a re- 
stricted area northwest of the Gulf of Chihli, near Pekin. It is 
colored dark brown, and is spotted especially on the neck at all 
seasons, though less in the winter. The dorsal stripe is strongly 
developed. The tail is reddish, with little white. This Deer is 
very rare, or may even be extinct. 
The Ussuri Sika, C. n. hortulorum, is the largest of the Sika 
Deer. It reaches 43 inches at the shoulder. In summer the general 
color is reddish brown with a dark back stripe, the underparts 
grayish white, the tail white with a black streak along the top. 
The white rump area, bordered in front with blackish, is distinct. 
The large spots, though they become grayish in winter, are re- 
tained throughout the year. In winter the coat becomes very 
shaggy and the color is yellowish brown, darker on the back. 
The range extends through Manchuria to Korea and Ussuri. 
This is probably the same form as mantschuricus. Along the 
coast the local form is sometimes distinguished as C. n. dybow- 
skii. 
