346 Mammals of Eastern Asia 
about by day as well and, in association with others of its kind, 
tramples down the snow to form open spaces or yards, from 
which paths radiate in all directions. 
The rutting season is September. Antlers, which begin to 
grow in the spring, lose their velvet in July. The young, usually 
one, are born in May or June. 
The East Asiatic Wapiti, C. e. xanthopygus, ranges through 
the whole of the temperate forest zone of Mongolia, Manchuria, 
and Siberia from Transbaikal to Ussuri and north into the 
Amur area. In Kansu and Shensi there is a local isolated race, 
C. e. kansuensis. This is a darker, browner Deer than xantho- 
pygus and lacks the predominance of chestnut on the head, neck, 
and legs. It has paler ears and is white under the chin. 
The Moose, Alces dices, is such a different-looking Deer 
from the familiar concept that, as Allen has suggested, it may 
with propriety be put into a subfamily by itself. These huge 
animals are distinguished by the almost trunk-like upper lip, 
the flat, spreading, often palmate antlers, the much reduced tail, 
and the hair-clad bell hanging from the neck. The color of the 
adults is dark grayish brown or blackish brown, the winter coat 
darker than that of the summer. As animals become older, the 
coat gets lighter ; in old males it is grizzled. The young, which 
are born singly or as twins, have neither white spots nor streaks 
but are colored much like the parents. Old males may reach 
between 5 and 6 feet at the shoulder. 
The degree of flattening of the antlers may depend on the 
quality of nourishment during their growth period. In some 
animals there is very little flattening of the beam. 
The Moose has a circumpolar distribution. The typical race is 
A. a. alces of Europe (there called Elk) ; the American Moose 
is A. americana; the Manchurian Moose, A. alces cameloides, is 
the only moderately well defined form found in northeastern 
Asia. 
Like the Red Deer, the Moose seems to have its headquarters 
