Descriptions of East Asiatic Mammals 349 
the Primorsk coast. Both wild and domestic Caribou have been 
reported fifty miles east of Gichiga. 
THE ODD-TOED UNGULATES (ORDER PERISSODACTYLA) 
This order, containing large-sized plant-eating mammals 
with the number of toes usually one, three, or five, never paired 
in two's or four's, comprises three families: the Horses, the 
Tapirs, and the Rhinoceroses. Formerly the five-toed elephant 
family was included in the odd-toed ungulates but many funda- 
mental differences suffice to show the distinctness of the ele- 
phants. In prehistoric times other perissodactyl families existed, 
notably the Titanotheres, some species of which attained gigan- 
tic size and developed weirdly shaped excrescences on the head. 
Like most of the great orders of the mammals, the perisso- 
dactyls once ranged over virtually the whole of the world except 
the Australian region. Today the number of species is reduced 
to a remnant and the distribution of most of these is enormously 
curtailed. Tapirs and Rhinoceroses but no wild Horses occur in 
the area dealt with in this book. 
THE TAPIRS (FAMILY TAPIRID^) 
The Tapirs are heavy-bodied, short-legged, almost tailless 
mammals with the upper lip and nostrils projecting from the 
bony part of the face to form a short trunk. The limbs, though 
short and heavy, have the elastic spring-like form of the limbs 
of running animals, not the massive, pillar-like shape to be 
seen in elephants and to some degree in Rhinoceroses. The fore- 
feet have four toes, digits 2, 3, 4 and 5, of which digit 3, the 
axial toe of the artiodactyl forefoot, is the largest ; the hind feet 
have three toes, digits 2, 3, and 4. The nails on all the toes are 
short, heavy, almost hoof -like structures. 
The Tapirs are browsers ; they get their food by nipping off 
