328 Mammals of Eastern Asia 
darker on the shoulders, the top of neck, and the hind part of the 
back. The densely furred ears are brown, with the terminal 
fourth white. The forehead and face are white but a band of 
brown crosses the nose. The chin, throat, and underparts are 
brown. The rump disk is white; it is divided on the back by 
a dark band which is continuous with the brown tail. 
THE DEER (FAMILY CERVIDiE) 
These are browsing, mostly deer-like animals, the size varying 
from that of a large Hare to a Moose. Most Deer are provided 
with antlers which are shed every year. Antlers are usually 
developed in male animals only ; in Reindeer they appear in both 
sexes; in the subfamilies which contain the Musk Deer and 
Chinese River Deer, no antlers develop in either sex. Canine 
teeth, though small, are usually present; the upper canines are 
large and dagger-like in forms which lack antlers. The gall 
bladder is absent in most genera. Various types of foot glands 
and facial glands may be present. The metacarpal bones which 
support the small lateral hoofs are disappearing in Deer ; in some 
genera only the lower end of the bone is retained, in others only 
the upper end. There are usually 2 pairs of nipples beneath the 
hinder part of the belly. One or 2 fawns are produced at a birth, 
except in Hydropotes, which bears from 4 to 7 young. 
THE MUSK DEER (SUBFAMILY MOSCHIN^) 
This subfamily, containing only the genus Moschus, is gen- 
erally treated as the most primitive of the subfamilies of Deer. 
The Musk Deer, the Chinese River Deer, the Muntjaks, and 
the Tufted Deer are the only living kinds of Deer which still 
develop large, powerful upper canine teeth. Some of the Ameri- 
can Brocket Deer also have canines, which, however, are very 
small and relatively useless. The Musk Deer may be thought of 
