33 2 Mammals of Eastern Asia 
the muntjaks, deer, moose, and reindeer 
(subfamily cervine) 
Represented by many genera in all parts of the world except 
Australia and Africa, 1 this subfamily contains the remaining 
oriental Deer. Characters common to all include the lack of the 
gall bladder, the presence of antlers in males, the usual presence 
of facial glands and foot glands. Antlers are absent in the 
females of all genera except the Reindeer or Caribou. In two of 
the genera, Muntiacus and Elaphodus, the antlers are developed 
on the tips of tall bony pedicels that rise from the frontal bones. 
The upper canine teeth are often developed, although not so 
large as in Hydro potes, while the depression in the face which 
receives the anteorbital gland may be almost as large as the eye 
socket. 
Besides the two genera just mentioned, there occur in eastern 
Asia a number of subgenera of True Deer, Cervus; the Moose, 
Alces (this is the "elk" of Europe) ; and the Caribou or Rein- 
deer, Rangifer. 
The Tufted Deer, Elaphodus cephalopkiis, looks like an in- 
cipient Muntjak. As in the Muntjaks, the antler pedicels develop, 
but they are shorter and their bases terminate behind the eyes 
instead of extending over the eyes to the rostrum as pronounced 
ridges. The anteorbital glands are well developed. The canine 
teeth are approximately the same size as in the Muntjaks. The 
antlers, on the contrary, are so small that they must be searched 
for on the tips of the pedicels among the long hairs of the brow 
tuft. The backs of the ears at the tips are conspicuously marked 
with white. The general color is chocolate-brown, the under- 
pays whitish, the head and neck grayish ; a pale streak extends 
from the pedicel forward above the eye; the tuft is blackish 
brown. The height at the shoulder is 22 to 23 inches, the weight 
about 40 pounds. 
1 A kind of Cervus occurs in extreme northwest Africa ; the Fallow Deer 
is introduced in Egypt. 
