114 ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY 



(193) Extensor caudae lateralis, sacral and caudal vertebrae to 

 dorsal surface of caudal vertebrae; raises tail. 



(194) Iliocostalis, from the longissimus dorsi and ribs to 

 ventrolateral surface of ribs; draws ribs together. 



(195) Splenius, cervical ligament and fascia of deep muscles 

 to lambdoidal ridge; lateral flexor of head; both acting together 

 elevates head. 



(196) Longissimus capitis (trachelomastoideus) , last four 

 cervical vertebrie to mastoid process; lateral flexor of head. 



(197) Spinalis dorsi, tenth to thirteenth thoracic vertebrae 

 to first nine or ten thoracic vertebrae and cervical forward 

 to second; extensor of vertebral column. 



(198) Biventer cervicis (medial portion of semis pinalis 

 cervicis et capitis), aponeurotic arches of last cervical and first 

 three thoracic vertebrae to lambdoidal crest; raises snout. 



(199) Complexus (lateral portion of semis pinalis cervicis 

 et capitis), closely associated with biventer cervicis; raises head. 



(200) Longus atlantis, a portion of longissimus dorsi from 

 third cer\dcal vertebrae to wing of atlas; extends neck and draws 

 head laterad. 



(201) Multifidus spinas, from transverse processes to spinous 

 processes craniad; extends back when both sides act; turns 

 vertebral column laterad when one side acts alone. 



(202) Extensor caudae medialis, caudal extension of multi- 

 fiduous spinae; raises tail. 



(203) Semispinalis cervicis, cervical portion of multifidus; 

 extends neck. 



(204) Interspinales, between spinous processes. 



(205) Intertransversarii, between transverse processes of 

 vertebrae. 



(207) Rectus capitis posterior major, crest of axis (epistro- 

 pheus) to lambdoidal crest; raises snout. 



(208) Obliquus superior, lateral border of transverse process 

 of axis to mastoid process; flexes head laterally. 



(209) Obliquus capitis inferior, lateral surface of spine of 

 axis to transverse process of atlas; rotates head. 



